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The past a few years have witnessed the great success of large language models, demonstrating powerful capabilities in comprehending textual data and generating human-like languages. Large language models achieve success by being trained on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Estrid He , Tabinda Sarwar , Ibrahim Khalil , Xun Yi , Ke Wang

Modern generative and vision-language models (VLMs) are increasingly used in scientific and medical decision support, where predicted probabilities must be both accurate and well calibrated. Despite strong empirical results with moderate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Paul M. Thompson

To collaborate effectively with humans, language models must be able to explain their decisions in natural language. We study a specific type of self-explanation: self-generated counterfactual explanations (SCEs), where a model explains its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Harry Mayne , Ryan Othniel Kearns , Yushi Yang , Andrew M. Bean , Eoin Delaney , Chris Russell , Adam Mahdi

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate unprecedented capabilities and define the state of the art for almost all natural language processing (NLP) tasks and also for essentially all Language Technology (LT) applications. LLMs can only be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Georg Rehm , Annika Grützner-Zahn , Fabio Barth

Large Language Models (LLMs) are used for many tasks, including those related to coding. An important aspect of being able to utilize LLMs is the ability to assess their fitness for specific usages. The common practice is to evaluate LLMs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Marcel Zalmanovici , Orna Raz , Eitan Farchi , Iftach Freund

Large language models (LLMs) encode vast amounts of world knowledge. However, since these models are trained on large swaths of internet data, they are at risk of inordinately capturing information about dominant groups. This imbalance can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Pola Schwöbel , Jacek Golebiowski , Michele Donini , Cédric Archambeau , Danish Pruthi

Large language models (LLMs) are reshaping how knowledge is produced, with increasing reliance on AI systems for generation, summarization, and reasoning. While prior work has studied cognitive offloading in humans and model collapse in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Xuening Wu , Yanlan Kang , Qianya Xu , Kexuan Xie , Jiaqi Mi , Honggang Wang , Yubin Liu , Zeping Chen

Recent research has highlighted the importance of dataset size in scaling language models. However, large language models (LLMs) are notoriously token-hungry during pre-training, and high-quality text data on the web is approaching its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Fuzhao Xue , Yao Fu , Wangchunshu Zhou , Zangwei Zheng , Yang You

Large language models (LLMs) suffer from catastrophic forgetting during continual learning. Conventional rehearsal-based methods rely on previous training data to retain the model's ability, which may not be feasible in real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Jianheng Huang , Leyang Cui , Ante Wang , Chengyi Yang , Xinting Liao , Linfeng Song , Junfeng Yao , Jinsong Su

This article analyzes the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) as support for the conceptual modeling of relational databases through the automatic generation of Entity-Relationship (ER) diagrams from natural language requirements. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Arthur F. Siqueira , Carlos D. S. Nogueira , Eduarda Farias , Claudio E. C. Campelo , Júlia Menezes

Existing studies have investigated the tendency of autoregressive language models to generate contexts that exhibit undesired biases and toxicity. Various debiasing approaches have been proposed, which are primarily categorized into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Yoon A Park , Frank Rudzicz

Large language models (LLMs) enable researchers to analyze text at unprecedented scale and minimal cost. Researchers can now revisit old questions and tackle novel ones with rich data. We provide an econometric framework for realizing this…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-08 Jens Ludwig , Sendhil Mullainathan , Ashesh Rambachan

Language models (LMs) now excel at many tasks such as few-shot learning, question answering, reasoning, and dialog. However, they sometimes generate unsupported or misleading content. A user cannot easily determine whether their outputs are…

Large Language Models (LLMs) can sometimes degrade into repetitive loops, persistently generating identical word sequences. Because repetition is rare in natural human language, its frequent occurrence across diverse tasks and contexts in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Matéo Mahaut , Francesca Franzon

Fine-tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs) for downstream tasks, performed on domain-specific data has shown significant promise. However, commercial use of such LLMs is limited by the high computational cost required for their deployment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Boris Nazarov , Darya Frolova , Yackov Lubarsky , Alexei Gaissinski , Pavel Kisilev

The capacity of LLMs to carry out automated qualitative analysis has been questioned by corpus linguists, and it has been argued that corpus-based discourse analysis incorporating LLMs is hindered by issues of unsatisfying performance,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Bingru Li , Han Wang

Humans do not just find mistakes after the fact -- we often catch them mid-stream because 'reflection' is tied to the goal and its constraints. Today's large language models produce reasoning tokens and 'reflective' text, but is it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Sion Weatherhead , Flora Salim , Aaron Belbasis

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit catastrophic performance degradation when processing contexts approaching certain critical thresholds, even when information remains relevant. This intelligence degradation-defined as over 30% drop in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Weiwei Wang , Jiyong Min , Weijie Zou

Language models can learn sophisticated language understanding skills from fitting raw text. They also unselectively learn useless corpus statistics and biases, especially during finetuning on domain-specific corpora. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Xiao Zhang , Miao Li , Ji Wu

We identify a novel phenomenon in language models: benign fine-tuning of frontier models can lead to privacy collapse. We find that diverse, subtle patterns in training data can degrade contextual privacy, including optimisation for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Anmol Goel , Cornelius Emde , Sangdoo Yun , Seong Joon Oh , Martin Gubri