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Disentangled Representation Learning aims to improve the explainability of deep learning methods by training a data encoder that identifies semantically meaningful latent variables in the data generation process. Nevertheless, there is no…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Ruoyu Wang , Lina Yao

This study addresses the challenges of confounding effects and interpretability in artificial-intelligence-based medical image analysis. Whereas existing literature often resolves confounding by removing confounder-related information from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Xianjing Liu , Bo Li , Meike W. Vernooij , Eppo B. Wolvius , Gennady V. Roshchupkin , Esther E. Bron

We investigate the estimation of the causal effect of a treatment variable on an outcome in the presence of a latent confounder. We first show that the causal effect is identifiable under certain conditions when data is available from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Yaroslav Kivva , Sina Akbari , Saber Salehkaleybar , Negar Kiyavash

No unmeasured confounding is often assumed in estimating treatment effects in observational data when using approaches such as propensity scores and inverse probability weighting. However, in many such studies due to the limitation of the…

Applications · Statistics 2019-08-06 Rong Huang , Ronghui Xu , Parambir S. Dulai

Estimating the individual treatment effect (ITE) from observational data is essential in medicine. A central challenge in estimating the ITE is handling confounders, which are factors that affect both an intervention and its outcome. Most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-28 Changhee Lee , Nicholas Mastronarde , Mihaela van der Schaar

We deal with the problem of learning the underlying disentangled latent factors that are shared between the paired bi-modal data in cross-modal retrieval. Our assumption is that the data in both modalities are complex, structured, and high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Minyoung Kim , Ricardo Guerrero , Vladimir Pavlovic

Causal disentanglement aims to uncover a representation of data using latent variables that are interrelated through a causal model. Such a representation is identifiable if the latent model that explains the data is unique. In this paper,…

This paper studies causal inference with observational data from a single large network. We consider a nonparametric model with interference in both potential outcomes and selection into treatment. Specifically, both stages may be the…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-30 Michael P. Leung , Pantelis Loupos

Session-based recommendation (SBR) has drawn increasingly research attention in recent years, due to its great practical value by only exploiting the limited user behavior history in the current session. Existing methods typically learn the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Ansong Li , Zhiyong Cheng , Fan Liu , Zan Gao , Weili Guan , Yuxin Peng

We would like to learn a representation of the data which decomposes an observation into factors of variation which we can independently control. Specifically, we want to use minimal supervision to learn a latent representation that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-25 Diane Bouchacourt , Ryota Tomioka , Sebastian Nowozin

Estimating treatment effects using observation data often relies on the assumption of no unmeasured confounders. However, unmeasured confounding variables may exist in many real-world problems. It can lead to a biased estimation without…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-19 Namhwa Lee , Shujie Ma

The deconfounder was proposed as a method for estimating causal parameters in a context with multiple causes and unobserved confounding. It is based on recovery of a latent variable from the observed causes. We disentangle the causal…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-03-04 Jeffrey Adams , Niels Richard Hansen

Observational studies can play a useful role in assessing the comparative effectiveness of competing treatments. In a clinical trial the randomization of participants to treatment and control groups generally results in well-balanced groups…

In causal inference, it is a fundamental task to estimate the causal effect from observational data. However, latent confounders pose major challenges in causal inference in observational data, for example, confounding bias and M-bias.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Debo Cheng , Yang Xie , Ziqi Xu , Jiuyong Li , Lin Liu , Jixue Liu , Yinghao Zhang , Zaiwen Feng

Understanding the effects of interventions is central to scientific progress, with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarded as the gold standard for causal inference in many applied fields. However, RCTs are costly, time-consuming, and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-27 Drago Plecko , Patrik Okanovic , Torsten Hoefler , Elias Bareinboim

The ability to extract generative parameters from high-dimensional fields of data in an unsupervised manner is a highly desirable yet unrealized goal in computational physics. This work explores the use of variational autoencoders (VAEs)…

Computational Physics · Physics 2021-11-16 Christian Jacobsen , Karthik Duraisamy

Unsupervised learning enables modeling complex images without the need for annotations. The representation learned by such models can facilitate any subsequent analysis of large image datasets. However, some generative factors that cause…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-27 Maxime W. Lafarge , Josien P. W. Pluim , Mitko Veta

We establish conditions under which latent causal graphs are nonparametrically identifiable and can be reconstructed from unknown interventions in the latent space. Our primary focus is the identification of the latent structure in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-06 Yibo Jiang , Bryon Aragam

A disentangled representation of a data set should be capable of recovering the underlying factors that generated it. One question that arises is whether using Euclidean space for latent variable models can produce a disentangled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-23 Luis A. Pérez Rey

We consider the disentanglement of the representations of the relevant attributes of the data (content) from all other factors of variations (style) using Variational Autoencoders. Some recent works addressed this problem by utilizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-15 Jozsef Nemeth