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Constrained counting is important in domains ranging from artificial intelligence to software analysis. There are already a few approaches for counting models over various types of constraints. Recently, hashing-based approaches achieve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-06-14 Cunjing Ge , Feifei Ma , Tian Liu , Jian Zhang

Weighted model counting computes the sum of the rational-valued weights associated with the satisfying assignments for a Boolean formula, where the weight of an assignment is given by the product of the weights assigned to the positive and…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-08-11 Randal E. Bryant

The best current methods for exactly computing the number of satisfying assignments, or the satisfying probability, of Boolean formulas can be seen, either directly or indirectly, as building 'decision-DNNF' (decision decomposable negation…

Databases · Computer Science 2013-09-27 Paul Beame , Jerry Li , Sudeepa Roy , Dan Suciu

Model counting is a fundamental problem that consists of determining the number of satisfying assignments for a given Boolean formula. The weighted variant, which computes the weighted sum of satisfying assignments, has extensive…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-05-08 L. Sunil Chandran , Rishikesh Gajjala , Kuldeep S. Meel

#SMT, or model counting for logical theories, is a well-known hard problem that generalizes such tasks as counting the number of satisfying assignments to a Boolean formula and computing the volume of a polytope. In the realm of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-10-30 Dmitry Chistikov , Rayna Dimitrova , Rupak Majumdar

Computing many useful properties of Boolean formulas, such as their weighted or unweighted model count, is intractable on general representations. It can become tractable when formulas are expressed in a special form, such as the decision…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Randal E. Bryant , Wojciech Nawrocki , Jeremy Avigad , Marijn J. H. Heule

Averaging predictions from multiple competing inferential models frequently outperforms predictions from any single model, providing that models are optimally weighted to maximize predictive performance. This is particularly the case in…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-02 Nathaniel Haines , Conor Goold

Model checking is a technique to automatically assess whether a model of the behaviour of a system meets its requirements. Evidence explaining why the behaviour does (not) meet its requirements is essential for the user to understand the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Anna Stramaglia , Jeroen J. A. Keiren , Maurice Laveaux , Tim A. C. Willemse

A major benefit of graphical models is that most knowledge is captured in the model structure. Many models, however, produce inference problems with a lot of symmetries not reflected in the graphical structure and hence not exploitable by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-05-14 Kristian Kersting , Babak Ahmadi , Sriraam Natarajan

It has been proposed by many researchers that combining deep neural networks with graphical models can create more efficient and better regularized composite models. The main difficulties in implementing this in practice are associated with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-16 Patrick Knöbelreiter , Christian Sormann , Alexander Shekhovtsov , Friedrich Fraundorfer , Thomas Pock

Many computational problems in modern society account to probabilistic reasoning, statistics, and combinatorics. A variety of these real-world questions can be solved by representing the question in (Boolean) formulas and associating the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Johannes K. Fichte , Markus Hecher , Florim Hamiti

A Pseudo-Boolean (PB) constraint is a linear inequality constraint over Boolean literals. One of the popular, efficient ideas used to solve PB-problems (a set of PB-constraints) is to translate them to SAT instances (encodings) via, for…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Michał Karpiński , Marek Piotrów

Recent advances in probabilistic modelling have led to a large number of simulation-based inference algorithms which do not require numerical evaluation of likelihoods. However, a public benchmark with appropriate performance metrics for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-12 Jan-Matthis Lueckmann , Jan Boelts , David S. Greenberg , Pedro J. Gonçalves , Jakob H. Macke

Generative modeling is widely regarded as one of the most essential problems in today's AI community, with text-to-image generation having gained unprecedented real-world impacts. Among various approaches, diffusion models have achieved…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Xuyang Guo , Jiayan Huo , Yingyu Liang , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song , Jiahao Zhang , Zhen Zhuang

Cover's function counting theorem is a milestone in the theory of artificial neural networks. It provides an answer to the fundamental question of determining how many binary assignments (dichotomies) of $p$ points in $n$ dimensions can be…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2020-05-20 Pietro Rotondo , Marco Cosentino Lagomarsino , Marco Gherardi

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) map the black-box visual representations extracted by deep neural networks onto a set of interpretable concepts and use the concepts to make predictions, enhancing the transparency of the decision-making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Chenming Shang , Shiji Zhou , Hengyuan Zhang , Xinzhe Ni , Yujiu Yang , Yuwang Wang

We introduce PPL Bench, a new benchmark for evaluating Probabilistic Programming Languages (PPLs) on a variety of statistical models. The benchmark includes data generation and evaluation code for a number of models as well as…

Model counting is a fundamental problem in automated reasoning with applications in probabilistic inference, network reliability, neural network verification, and more. Although model counting is computationally intractable from a…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Arijit Shaw , Kuldeep S. Meel

Feedforward neural networks (FNNs) can be viewed as non-linear regression models, where covariates enter the model through a combination of weighted summations and non-linear functions. Although these models have some similarities to the…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-02 Andrew McInerney , Kevin Burke

Measurement error in count data is common but underexplored in the literature, particularly in contexts where observed scores are bounded and arise from discrete scoring processes. Motivated by applications in oral reading fluency…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-26 Yuqiu Yang , Christina Vu , Cornelis J. Potgieter , Xinlei Wang , Akihito Kamata