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Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) with respect to real-world code complexity is essential. Otherwise, there is a risk of overestimating LLMs' programming abilities based on simplistic benchmarks, only to be disappointed when using…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yang Chen , Shuyang Liu , Reyhaneh Jabbarvand

Rigorous security-focused evaluation of large language model (LLM) agents is imperative for establishing trust in their safe deployment throughout the software development lifecycle. However, existing benchmarks largely rely on synthetic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Hwiwon Lee , Ziqi Zhang , Hanxiao Lu , Lingming Zhang

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has heightened concerns about benchmark data contamination (BDC), where models inadvertently memorize evaluation data during the training process, inflating performance metrics, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Cheng Xu , Nan Yan , Shuhao Guan , Changhong Jin , Yuke Mei , Yibing Guo , M-Tahar Kechadi

Forecasts of future events are essential inputs into informed decision-making. Machine learning (ML) systems have the potential to deliver forecasts at scale, but there is no framework for evaluating the accuracy of ML systems on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Ezra Karger , Houtan Bastani , Chen Yueh-Han , Zachary Jacobs , Danny Halawi , Fred Zhang , Philip E. Tetlock

Multiple-choice question (MCQ) datasets like Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) are widely used to evaluate the commonsense, understanding, and problem-solving abilities of large language models (LLMs). However, the open-source…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Qihao Zhao , Yangyu Huang , Tengchao Lv , Lei Cui , Qinzheng Sun , Shaoguang Mao , Xin Zhang , Ying Xin , Qiufeng Yin , Scarlett Li , Furu Wei

Leaderboards for LRMs have turned evaluation into a competition, incentivizing developers to optimize directly on benchmark suites. A shortcut to achieving higher rankings is to incorporate evaluation benchmarks into the training data,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Han Wang , Haoyu Li , Brian Ko , Huan Zhang

Modern Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown astounding capabilities of code understanding and synthesis. In order to assess such capabilities, several benchmarks have been devised (e.g., HumanEval). However, most benchmarks focus on code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Julian Aron Prenner , Romain Robbes

Effective processing, interpretation, and management of sensor data have emerged as a critical component of cyber-physical systems. Traditionally, processing sensor data requires profound theoretical knowledge and proficiency in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Pengrui Quan , Xiaomin Ouyang , Jeya Vikranth Jeyakumar , Ziqi Wang , Yang Xing , Mani Srivastava

The training process of large language models (LLMs) often involves varying degrees of test data contamination. Although current LLMs are achieving increasingly better performance on various benchmarks, their performance in practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Qin Zhu , Qingyuan Cheng , Runyu Peng , Xiaonan Li , Tengxiao Liu , Ru Peng , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang

Synthetic data has become essential for training foundation models, yet benchmark contamination threatens evaluation integrity. Although existing detection methods identify token-level overlap, they fail to detect semantic-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Sushant Mehta

Data contamination in model evaluation is getting increasingly prevalent as the massive training corpora of large language models often unintentionally include benchmark samples. Therefore, contamination analysis has became an inevitable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Yucheng Li

Data contamination undermines the validity of Large Language Model evaluation by enabling models to rely on memorized benchmark content rather than true generalization. While prior work has proposed contamination detection methods, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Chaymaa Abbas , Nour Shamaa , Mariette Awad

Automatic evaluation methods for large language models (LLMs) are hindered by data contamination, leading to inflated assessments of their effectiveness. Existing strategies, which aim to detect contaminated texts, focus on quantifying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Zhuohao Yu , Chang Gao , Wenjin Yao , Yidong Wang , Wei Ye , Jindong Wang , Xing Xie , Yue Zhang , Shikun Zhang

Data contamination has become prevalent and challenging with the rise of models pretrained on large automatically-crawled corpora. For closed models, the training data becomes a trade secret, and even for open models, it is not trivial to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Alon Jacovi , Avi Caciularu , Omer Goldman , Yoav Goldberg

The performance of large language models (LLMs) continues to improve, as reflected in rising scores on standard benchmarks. However, the lack of transparency around training data raises concerns about potential overlap with evaluation sets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Naila Shafirni Hidayat , Muhammad Dehan Al Kautsar , Alfan Farizki Wicaksono , Fajri Koto

Large language models are widespread, with their performance on benchmarks frequently guiding user preferences for one model over another. However, the vast amount of data these models are trained on can inadvertently lead to contamination…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Jasper Dekoninck , Mark Niklas Müller , Maximilian Baader , Marc Fischer , Martin Vechev

Data contamination in evaluation is getting increasingly prevalent with the emergence of language models pre-trained on super large, automatically crawled corpora. This problem leads to significant challenges in the accurate assessment of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-04 Yucheng Li , Frank Guerin , Chenghua Lin

Automated red teaming holds substantial promise for uncovering and mitigating the risks associated with the malicious use of large language models (LLMs), yet the field lacks a standardized evaluation framework to rigorously assess new…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed how people interact with artificial intelligence (AI) systems, achieving state-of-the-art results in various tasks, including scientific discovery and hypothesis generation. However, the lack of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Sikun Guo , Amir Hassan Shariatmadari , Guangzhi Xiong , Albert Huang , Eric Xie , Stefan Bekiranov , Aidong Zhang

Recently, there has been a growing interest among large language model (LLM) developers in LLM-based document reading systems, which enable users to upload their own documents and pose questions related to the document contents, going…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Anni Zou , Wenhao Yu , Hongming Zhang , Kaixin Ma , Deng Cai , Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao , Dong Yu