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The growth of online platforms and user content requires strong content moderation systems that can handle complex inputs from various media types. While large language models (LLMs) are effective, their high computational cost and latency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Shutong Zhang , Dylan Zhou , Yinxiao Liu , Yang Yang , Huiwen Luo , Wenfei Zou

As Vision-Language Models (VLMs) achieve widespread deployment across diverse cultural contexts, ensuring their cultural competence becomes critical for responsible AI systems. While prior work has evaluated cultural awareness in text-only…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Arka Mukherjee , Shreya Ghosh

Cultural bias is pervasive in many large language models (LLMs), largely due to the deficiency of data representative of different cultures. Typically, cultural datasets and benchmarks are constructed either by extracting subsets of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Cheng Li , Damien Teney , Linyi Yang , Qingsong Wen , Xing Xie , Jindong Wang

The rapid development of large language models (LLMs), like ChatGPT, has resulted in the widespread presence of LLM-generated content on social media platforms, raising concerns about misinformation, data biases, and privacy violations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Zihao Cheng , Li Zhou , Feng Jiang , Benyou Wang , Haizhou Li

One trending application of LLM (large language model) is to use it for content moderation in online platforms. Most current studies on this application have focused on the metric of accuracy -- the extent to which LLMs make correct…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Tao Huang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) transition from static tools to autonomous agents, traditional evaluation benchmarks that measure performance on downstream tasks are becoming insufficient. These methods fail to capture the emergent social…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Zarreen Reza

Conversational systems are now capable of producing impressive and generally relevant responses. However, we have no visibility nor control of the socio-emotional strategies behind state-of-the-art Large Language Models (LLMs), which poses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Lorraine Vanel , Ariel R. Ramos Vela , Alya Yacoubi , Chloé Clavel

Static benchmarks for harmful content detection face limitations in scalability and diversity, and may also be affected by contamination from web-scale pre-training corpora. To address these issues, we propose a framework for synthesizing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Huije Lee , Jisu Shin , Hoyun Song , Changgeon Ko , Jong C. Park

Content moderation is a global challenge, yet major tech platforms prioritize high-resource languages, leaving low-resource languages with scarce native moderators. Since effective moderation depends on understanding contextual cues, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Junyeong Park , Seogyeong Jeong , Seyoung Song , Yohan Lee , Alice Oh

In the rapidly evolving domain of Natural Language Generation (NLG) evaluation, introducing Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened new avenues for assessing generated content quality, e.g., coherence, creativity, and context relevance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Zhen Li , Xiaohan Xu , Tao Shen , Can Xu , Jia-Chen Gu , Yuxuan Lai , Chongyang Tao , Shuai Ma

As AI systems become more integrated into daily life, the need for safer and more reliable moderation has never been greater. Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, surpassing earlier models in complexity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Naseem Machlovi , Maryam Saleki , Innocent Ababio , Ruhul Amin

Multilingual large language models (MLLMs) are increasingly deployed across cultural, linguistic, and political contexts, yet existing governance frameworks largely assume English-centric data, homogeneous user populations, and abstract…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Hanjing Shi , Dominic DiFranzo

In this work we investigate the sociocultural values learned by large language models (LLMs). We introduce a novel open-access dataset, Sociocultural Statements, constructed from natural debate statements using a multi-step methodology. The…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Vlad-Andrei Negru , Camelia Lemnaru , Mihai Surdeanu , Rodica Potolea

Large language models (LLMs) closely interact with humans, and thus need an intimate understanding of the cultural values of human society. In this paper, we explore how open-source LLMs make judgments on diverse categories of cultural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Minsang Kim , Seungjun Baek

This paper addresses the conceptual, methodological and technical challenges in studying large language models (LLMs) and the texts they produce from a quantitative linguistics perspective. It builds on a theoretical framework that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Jiří Milička

Content moderation plays a critical role in shaping safe and inclusive online environments, balancing platform standards, user expectations, and regulatory frameworks. Traditionally, this process involves operationalising policies into…

The growing deployment of large language models (LLMs) across diverse cultural contexts necessitates a deeper understanding of LLMs' representations of different cultures. Prior work has focused on evaluating the cultural awareness of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Haeun Yu , Seogyeong Jeong , Siddhesh Pawar , Jisu Shin , Jiho Jin , Junho Myung , Alice Oh , Isabelle Augenstein

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to simulate human opinions and survey responses, but their ability to reproduce population responses across cultures remains limited. Existing persona-based prompting methods typically rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Axel Abels , Elias Fernandez Domingos , Apurva Shah , Tom Lenaerts

Large-scale web-scraped text corpora used to train general-purpose AI models often contain harmful demographic-targeted social biases, creating a regulatory need for data auditing and developing scalable bias-detection methods. Although…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Ayan Majumdar , Feihao Chen , Jinghui Li , Xiaozhen Wang

Large language models (LLMs) show promise in offering emotional support and generating empathetic responses for individuals in distress, but their ability to deliver culturally sensitive support remains underexplored due to a lack of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Chen Cecilia Liu , Hiba Arnaout , Nils Kovačić , Dana Atzil-Slonim , Iryna Gurevych