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In multi-label classification, each example in a dataset may be annotated as belonging to one or more classes (or none of the classes). Example applications include image (or document) tagging where each possible tag either applies to a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Aditya Thyagarajan , Elías Snorrason , Curtis Northcutt , Jonas Mueller

Annotation errors are a challenge not only during training of machine learning models, but also during their evaluation. Label variations and inaccuracies in datasets often manifest as contradictory examples that deviate from established…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-23 David Tschirschwitz , Volker Rodehorst

Mislabeled examples are a common issue in real-world data, particularly for tasks like token classification where many labels must be chosen on a fine-grained basis. Here we consider the task of finding sentences that contain label errors…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Wei-Chen Wang , Jonas Mueller

Label errors are a common issue in machine learning datasets, particularly for tasks such as Named Entity Recognition. Such label errors might hurt model training, affect evaluation results, and lead to an inaccurate assessment of model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Mashael Al-Duwais , Hend Al-Khalifa , Abdulmalik Al-Salman

Data annotation plays a crucial role in ensuring your named entity recognition (NER) projects are trained with the right information to learn from. Producing the most accurate labels is a challenge due to the complexity involved with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Qingkai Zeng , Mengxia Yu , Wenhao Yu , Tianwen Jiang , Meng Jiang

NLP benchmarks rely on standardized datasets for training and evaluating models and are crucial for advancing the field. Traditionally, expert annotations ensure high-quality labels; however, the cost of expert annotation does not scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Omer Nahum , Nitay Calderon , Orgad Keller , Idan Szpektor , Roi Reichart

Large Language Models (LLMs) annotated datasets are widely used nowadays, however, large-scale annotations often show biases in low-quality datasets. For example, Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs) datasets with one single correct option is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zipeng Ling , Shuliang Liu , Yuehao Tang , Chen Huang , Gaoyang Jiang , Shenghong Fu , Junqi Yang , Yao Wan , Jiawan Zhang , Kejia Huang , Xuming Hu

Language models have shown promise in various tasks but can be affected by undesired data during training, fine-tuning, or alignment. For example, if some unsafe conversations are wrongly annotated as safe ones, the model fine-tuned on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Zhaowei Zhu , Jialu Wang , Hao Cheng , Yang Liu

High-quality data is necessary for modern machine learning. However, the acquisition of such data is difficult due to noisy and ambiguous annotations of humans. The aggregation of such annotations to determine the label of an image leads to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Lars Schmarje , Vasco Grossmann , Claudius Zelenka , Sabine Dippel , Rainer Kiko , Mariusz Oszust , Matti Pastell , Jenny Stracke , Anna Valros , Nina Volkmann , Reinhard Koch

Data quality is crucial for training accurate, unbiased, and trustworthy machine learning models as well as for their correct evaluation. Recent works, however, have shown that even popular datasets used to train and evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Jan-Christoph Klie , Richard Eckart de Castilho , Iryna Gurevych

Recently, detection of label errors and improvement of label quality in datasets for supervised learning tasks has become an increasingly important goal in both research and industry. The consequences of incorrectly annotated data include…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Sarina Penquitt , Tobias Riedlinger , Timo Heller , Markus Reischl , Matthias Rottmann

Annotated data is an essential ingredient in natural language processing for training and evaluating machine learning models. It is therefore very desirable for the annotations to be of high quality. Recent work, however, has shown that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Jan-Christoph Klie , Bonnie Webber , Iryna Gurevych

Large-scale multi-label classification datasets are commonly, and perhaps inevitably, partially annotated. That is, only a small subset of labels are annotated per sample. Different methods for handling the missing labels induce different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Emanuel Ben-Baruch , Tal Ridnik , Itamar Friedman , Avi Ben-Cohen , Nadav Zamir , Asaf Noy , Lihi Zelnik-Manor

Everyone makes mistakes. So do human annotators when curating labels for named entity recognition (NER). Such label mistakes might hurt model training and interfere model comparison. In this study, we dive deep into one of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Zihan Wang , Jingbo Shang , Liyuan Liu , Lihao Lu , Jiacheng Liu , Jiawei Han

We identify label errors in the test sets of 10 of the most commonly-used computer vision, natural language, and audio datasets, and subsequently study the potential for these label errors to affect benchmark results. Errors in test sets…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-09 Curtis G. Northcutt , Anish Athalye , Jonas Mueller

Labeling datasets for supervised object detection is a dull and time-consuming task. Errors can be easily introduced during annotation and overlooked during review, yielding inaccurate benchmarks and performance degradation of deep neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Marius Schubert , Tobias Riedlinger , Karsten Kahl , Daniel Kröll , Sebastian Schoenen , Siniša Šegvić , Matthias Rottmann

Object detection has advanced rapidly in recent years, driven by increasingly large and diverse datasets. However, label errors often compromise the quality of these datasets and affect the outcomes of training and benchmark evaluations.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Sarina Penquitt , Jonathan Klees , Rinor Cakaj , Daniel Kondermann , Matthias Rottmann , Lars Schmarje

Imperfections in data annotation, known as label noise, are detrimental to the training of machine learning models and have an often-overlooked confounding effect on the assessment of model performance. Nevertheless, employing experts to…

A key requirement for supervised machine learning is labeled training data, which is created by annotating unlabeled data with the appropriate class. Because this process can in many cases not be done by machines, labeling needs to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-12 Nicolas Michael Müller , Karla Markert

To collect large scale annotated data, it is inevitable to introduce label noise, i.e., incorrect class labels. To be robust against label noise, many successful methods rely on the noisy classifiers (i.e., models trained on the noisy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-23 Songzhu Zheng , Pengxiang Wu , Aman Goswami , Mayank Goswami , Dimitris Metaxas , Chao Chen
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