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In the burgeoning field of artificial intelligence (AI), the unprecedented progress of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing (NLP) offers an opportunity to revisit the entire approach of traditional metrics of machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Patricio Vera , Pedro Moya , Lisa Barraza

The acceleration of Large Language Models (LLMs) research has opened up new possibilities for evaluating generated texts. They serve as scalable and economical evaluators, but the question of how reliable these evaluators are has emerged as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Minzhi Li , Zhengyuan Liu , Shumin Deng , Shafiq Joty , Nancy F. Chen , Min-Yen Kan

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, has raised concerns about their potential impact on academic integrity, prompting the need for LLM-resistant exam designs. This article investigates the performance of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Simon kaare Larsen

Existing evaluation metrics for natural language generation (NLG) tasks face the challenges on generalization ability and interpretability. Specifically, most of the well-performed metrics are required to train on evaluation datasets of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-14 Pei Ke , Fei Huang , Fei Mi , Yasheng Wang , Qun Liu , Xiaoyan Zhu , Minlie Huang

Objective and scalable measurement of teaching quality is a persistent challenge in education. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer potential, general-purpose models have struggled to reliably apply complex, authentic classroom…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Michael Hardy

Unit testing plays a pivotal role in software development, improving software quality and reliability. However, generating effective test cases manually is time-consuming, prompting interest in unit testing research. Recently, Large…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Ye Shang , Quanjun Zhang , Chunrong Fang , Siqi Gu , Jianyi Zhou , Zhenyu Chen

Evaluation is the baton for the development of large language models. Current evaluations typically employ a single-item assessment paradigm for each atomic test objective, which struggles to discern whether a model genuinely possesses the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Boxi Cao , Mengjie Ren , Hongyu Lin , Xianpei Han , Feng Zhang , Junfeng Zhan , Le Sun

The widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) and publicly available ChatGPT have marked a significant turning point in the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into people's everyday lives. This study examines the ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Sandeep Kumar , Tirthankar Ghosal , Vinayak Goyal , Asif Ekbal

Automated unit test generation is critical for software quality but traditional structure-driven methods often lack the semantic understanding required to produce realistic inputs and oracles. Large language models (LLMs) address this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Bei Chu , Yang Feng , Kui Liu , Zhaoqiang Guo , Yichi Zhang , Hange Shi , Zifan Nan , Baowen Xu

Language models have steadily increased in size over the past few years. They achieve a high level of performance on various natural language processing (NLP) tasks such as question answering and summarization. Large language models (LLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Jessica Huynh , Cathy Jiao , Prakhar Gupta , Shikib Mehri , Payal Bajaj , Vishrav Chaudhary , Maxine Eskenazi

New models for natural language understanding have recently made an unparalleled amount of progress, which has led some researchers to suggest that the models induce universal text representations. However, current benchmarks are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Damien Sileo , Tim Van-de-Cruys , Camille Pradel , Philippe Muller

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in language generation and general task performance. However, their application to spoken language understanding (SLU) remains challenging, particularly for token-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Shangjian Yin , Peijie Huang , Jiatian Chen , Haojing Huang , Yuhong Xu

The evaluation of Natural Language Generation (NLG) models has gained increased attention, urging the development of metrics that evaluate various aspects of generated text. LUNA addresses this challenge by introducing a unified interface…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Marat Saidov , Aleksandra Bakalova , Ekaterina Taktasheva , Vladislav Mikhailov , Ekaterina Artemova

Interest in Large Language Models (LLMs) has increased drastically since the emergence of ChatGPT and the outstanding positive societal response to the ease with which it performs tasks in Natural Language Processing (NLP). The triumph of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-06 Oluwatosin Ogundare , Gustavo Quiros Araya

Instruction tuning is a pivotal technique for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human intentions, safety constraints, and domain-specific requirements. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the full pipeline,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Xudong Han , Junjie Yang , Tianyang Wang , Ziqian Bi , Xinyuan Song , Junfeng Hao , Junhao Song

Inductive transfer learning has greatly impacted computer vision, but existing approaches in NLP still require task-specific modifications and training from scratch. We propose Universal Language Model Fine-tuning (ULMFiT), an effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-24 Jeremy Howard , Sebastian Ruder

Measuring innovation often relies on context-specific proxies and on expert evaluation. Hence, empirical innovation research is often limited to settings where such data is available. We investigate how large language models (LLMs) can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Robin Nowak , Patrick Figge , Carolin Haeussler

The breakthrough of generative large language models (LLMs) that can solve different tasks through chat interaction has led to a significant increase in the use of general benchmarks to assess the quality or performance of these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Fabio Barth , Georg Rehm

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across diverse domains, yet they still encounter challenges such as insufficient domain-specific knowledge, biases, and hallucinations. This underscores the need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Hongliu Cao , Ilias Driouich , Robin Singh , Eoin Thomas

We address a fundamental challenge in Natural Language Generation (NLG) model evaluation -- the design and evaluation of evaluation metrics. Recognizing the limitations of existing automatic metrics and noises from how current human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Ziang Xiao , Susu Zhang , Vivian Lai , Q. Vera Liao