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Closed-loop simulation environments play a crucial role in the validation and enhancement of autonomous driving systems (ADS). However, certain challenges warrant significant attention, including balancing simulation accuracy with duration,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Daocheng Fu , Naiting Zhong , Xu Han , Pinlong Cai , Licheng Wen , Song Mao , Botian Shi , Yu Qiao

While there was great progress regarding the technology and its implementation for vehicles equipped with automated driving systems (ADS), the problem of how to proof their safety as a necessary precondition prior to market launch remains…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Nico Weber , Christoph Thiem , Ulrich Konigorski

Virtual testing of automated driving systems (ADS) has become an essential part of testing procedures for all automation levels. As ADS from automation level 3 and up are very complex, virtual testing for such systems is inevitable. The…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Demin Nalic , Aleksa Pandurevic , Arno Eichberger , Branko Rogic

Autonomous driving systems have achieved significant advances, and full autonomy within defined operational design domains near practical deployment. Expanding these domains requires addressing safety assurance under diverse conditions.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Shunsuke Ito , Chaoran Zhao , Ryo Okamura , Takuya Azumi

Simulators are widely used to test Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS), but their potential flakiness can lead to inconsistent test results. We investigate test flakiness in simulation-based testing of ADS by addressing two key questions: (1)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Mohammad Hossein Amini , Shervin Naseri , Shiva Nejati

Simulation-based testing represents an important step to ensure the reliability of autonomous driving software. In practice, when companies rely on third-party general-purpose simulators, either for in-house or outsourced testing, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Matteo Biagiola , Andrea Stocco , Vincenzo Riccio , Paolo Tonella

Simulation is essential to validate autonomous driving systems. However, a simple simulation, even for an extremely high number of simulated miles or hours, is not sufficient. We need well-founded criteria showing that simulation does…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Changwen Li , Joseph Sifakis , Qiang Wang , Rongjie Yan , Jian Zhang

Autonomous driving systems (ADS) have been an active area of research, with the potential to deliver significant benefits to society. However, before large-scale deployment on public roads, extensive testing is necessary to validate their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Qunying Song , He Ye , Mark Harman , Federica Sarro

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are being rapidly introduced into our lives. However, public misunderstanding and mistrust have become prominent issues hindering the acceptance of these driverless technologies. The primary objective of this study…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Zhijie Qiao , Helen Loeb , Venkata Gurrla , Matt Lebermann , Johannes Betz , Rahul Mangharam

Testing Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) is crucial for ensuring their safety, reliability, and performance. Despite numerous testing methods available that can generate diverse and challenging scenarios to uncover potential…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Renzhi Wang , Mingfei Cheng , Xiaofei Xie , Yuan Zhou , Lei Ma

Autonomous driving has gained significant advancements in recent years. However, obtaining a robust control policy for driving remains challenging as it requires training data from a variety of scenarios, including rare situations (e.g.,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Weizi Li , David Wolinski , Ming C. Lin

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) rely on various avionics systems that are safety-critical and mission-critical. A major requirement of international safety standards is to perform rigorous system-level testing of avionics software systems.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Hassan Sartaj , Asmar Muqeet , Muhammad Zohaib Iqbal , Muhammad Uzair Khan

Testing autonomous driving systems (ADS) is critical to ensuring their reliability and safety. Existing ADS testing works focuses on designing scenarios to evaluate system-level behaviors, while fine-grained testing of ADS source code has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Wenhan Wang , Xuan Xie , Yuheng Huang , Renzhi Wang , An Ran Chen , Lei Ma

Autonomous Driving System (ADS) testing is crucial in ADS development, with the current primary focus being on safety. However, the evaluation of non-safety-critical performance, particularly the ADS's ability to make optimal decisions and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Mingfei Cheng , Yuan Zhou , Xiaofei Xie , Junjie Wang , Guozhu Meng , Kairui Yang

Autonomous driving systems (ADSs) are capable of sensing the environment and making driving decisions autonomously. These systems are safety-critical, and testing them is one of the important approaches to ensure their safety. However, due…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Chengjie Lu , Tao Yue , Man Zhang , Shaukat Ali

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have demonstrated significant potential in revolutionizing transportation, yet ensuring their safety and reliability remains a critical challenge, especially when exposed to dynamic and unpredictable environments.…

Testing autonomous driving algorithms on real autonomous vehicles is extremely costly and many researchers and developers in the field cannot afford a real car and the corresponding sensors. Although several free and open-source autonomous…

According to data from the United Nations, more than 3000 people have died each day in the world due to road traffic collision. Considering recent researches, the human error may be considered as the main responsible for these fatalities.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-02-13 Andrés E. Gómez , Tiago C. dos Santos , Carlos M. Massera , Arthur de M. Neto , Denis F. Wolf

The development of software components for autonomous driving functions should always include an extensive and rigorous evaluation. Since real-world testing is expensive and safety-critical -- especially when facing dynamic racing scenarios…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Tim Stahl , Johannes Betz

Simulation-based testing remains the main approach for validating Autonomous Driving Systems. We propose a rigorous test method based on breaking down scenarios into simple ones, taking into account the fact that autopilots make decisions…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Changwen Li , Joseph Sifakis , Rongjie Yan , Jian Zhang