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In this paper, we propose an efficient and accurate streaming speech recognition model based on the FastConformer architecture. We adapted the FastConformer architecture for streaming applications through: (1) constraining both the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Vahid Noroozi , Somshubra Majumdar , Ankur Kumar , Jagadeesh Balam , Boris Ginsburg

Detecting occurrences of keywords with keyword spotting (KWS) systems requires thresholding continuous detection scores. Selecting appropriate thresholds is a non-trivial task, typically relying on optimizing performance on a validation…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-23 Kevin Wilkinghoff , Alessia Cornaggia-Urrigshardt , Zheng-Hua Tan

Continuous Speech Keyword Spotting (CSKWS) is a task to detect predefined keywords in a continuous speech. In this paper, we regard CSKWS as a one-dimensional object detection task and propose a novel anchor-free detector, named AF-KWS, to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-10 Zhiyuan Zhao , Chuanxin Tang , Chengdong Yao , Chong Luo

As a robust and large-scale multilingual speech recognition model, Whisper has demonstrated impressive results in many low-resource and out-of-distribution scenarios. However, its encoder-decoder structure hinders its application to…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Haoyu Wang , Guoqiang Hu , Guodong Lin , Wei-Qiang Zhang , Jian Li

Spoken keyword spotting (KWS) aims to identify keywords in audio for wide applications, especially on edge devices. Current small-footprint KWS systems focus on efficient model designs. However, their inference performance can decline in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-21 Yang Xiao , Tianyi Peng , Yanghao Zhou , Rohan Kumar Das

Punctuated text prediction is crucial for automatic speech recognition as it enhances readability and impacts downstream natural language processing tasks. In streaming scenarios, the ability to predict punctuation in real-time is…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-31 Hanbyul Kim , Seunghyun Seo , Lukas Lee , Seolki Baek

Keyword spotting (KWS) refers to the task of identifying a set of predefined words in audio streams. With the advances seen recently with deep neural networks, it has become a popular technology to activate and control small devices, such…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-25 Heitor R. Guimarães , Arthur Pimentel , Anderson Avila , Tiago H. Falk

We design an online end-to-end speech recognition system based on Time-Depth Separable (TDS) convolutions and Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC). We improve the core TDS architecture in order to limit the future context and hence…

Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) using multiple microphone arrays has achieved great success in the far-field robustness. Taking advantage of all the information that each array shares and contributes is crucial in this task. Motivated by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-20 Xiaofei Wang , Ruizhi Li , Sri Harish Mallid , Takaaki Hori , Shinji Watanabe , Hynek Hermansky

Achieving high accuracy with low latency has always been a challenge in streaming end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. By attending to more future contexts, a streaming ASR model achieves higher accuracy but results in…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Huaibo Zhao , Yosuke Higuchi , Yusuke Kida , Tetsuji Ogawa , Tetsunori Kobayashi

Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) plays a crucial role in voice-based applications. For applications requiring real-time feedback like Voice Search, streaming capability becomes vital. While LSTM/RNN and CTC based ASR systems are commonly…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Abhinav Goyal , Nikesh Garera

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in unifying streaming and non-streaming speech recognition models to reduce development, training and deployment cost. The best-known approaches rely on either window-based or dynamic…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-27 Xilai Li , Goeric Huybrechts , Srikanth Ronanki , Jeff Farris , Sravan Bodapati

Open-vocabulary keyword spotting (KWS), which allows users to customize keywords, has attracted increasingly more interest. However, existing methods based on acoustic models and post-processing train the acoustic model with ASR training…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-18 Ao Zhang , Pan Zhou , Kaixun Huang , Yong Zou , Ming Liu , Lei Xie

This article describes an efficient training method for online streaming attention-based encoder-decoder (AED) automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. AED models have achieved competitive performance in offline scenarios by jointly…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-08-24 Hirofumi Inaguma , Tatsuya Kawahara

In this work we explore the latency and accuracy of keyword spotting (KWS) models in streaming and non-streaming modes on mobile phones. NN model conversion from non-streaming mode (model receives the whole input sequence and then returns…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-29 Oleg Rybakov , Natasha Kononenko , Niranjan Subrahmanya , Mirko Visontai , Stella Laurenzo

Continuous Speech Keyword Spotting (CSKS) is the problem of spotting keywords in recorded conversations, when a small number of instances of keywords are available in training data. Unlike the more common Keyword Spotting, where an…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-01-15 Harshita Seth , Pulkit Kumar , Muktabh Mayank Srivastava

This paper addresses the persistent challenge in Keyword Spotting (KWS), a fundamental component in speech technology, regarding the acquisition of substantial labeled data for training. Given the difficulty in obtaining large quantities of…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Weinan Dai , Yifeng Jiang , Yuanjing Liu , Jinkun Chen , Xin Sun , Jinglei Tao

In this paper, we investigated a speech augmentation based unsupervised learning approach for keyword spotting (KWS) task. KWS is a useful speech application, yet also heavily depends on the labeled data. We designed a CNN-Attention…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Jian Luo , Jianzong Wang , Ning Cheng , Haobin Tang , Jing Xiao

Keyword Spotting (KWS) systems with small footprint models deployed on edge devices face significant accuracy and robustness challenges due to domain shifts caused by varying noise and recording conditions. To address this, we propose a…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Prakash Dhungana , Sayed Ahmad Salehi

Spoken keyword spotting (KWS) is crucial for identifying keywords within audio inputs and is widely used in applications like Apple Siri and Google Home, particularly on edge devices. Current deep learning-based KWS systems, which are…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-14 Tianyi Peng , Yang Xiao