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Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive language understanding and generation capabilities, enabling them to answer a wide range of questions across various domains. However, these models are not flawless and often produce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Lang Cao

Large language models must balance their weight-encoded knowledge with in-context information from prompts to generate accurate responses. This paper investigates this interplay by analyzing how models of varying capacities within the same…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Mohammad Reza Samsami , Mats Leon Richter , Juan Rodriguez , Megh Thakkar , Sarath Chandar , Maxime Gasse

Large language models (LLMs) often need to balance their internal parametric knowledge with external information, such as user beliefs and content from retrieved documents, in real-world scenarios like RAG or chat-based systems. A model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Shuowei Li , Haoxin Li , Wenda Chu , Yi Fang

Large language models (LLMs) are a promising venue for natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, current LLMs are far from reliable: they are prone to generate non-factual information and, more crucially, to contradict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Diego Calanzone , Stefano Teso , Antonio Vergari

Although achieving promising performance, recent analyses show that current generative large language models (LLMs) may still capture dataset biases and utilize them for generation, leading to poor generalizability and harmfulness of LLMs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Li Du , Zhouhao Sun , Xiao Ding , Yixuan Ma , Yang Zhao , Kaitao Qiu , Ting Liu , Bing Qin

While Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional performance in surface-level text generation, their nature in handling complex multi-step reasoning tasks often remains one of ``statistical fitting'' rather than systematic logical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Lianlei Shan , Han Chen , Yixuan Wang , Zhenjie Liu , Wei Li

The ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to process and generate coherent text is markedly weakened when the number of input tokens exceeds their pretraining length. Given the expensive overhead of finetuning large-scale models with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Chenxin An , Fei Huang , Jun Zhang , Shansan Gong , Xipeng Qiu , Chang Zhou , Lingpeng Kong

Latent reasoning represents a new development in Transformer language models that has shown potential in compressing reasoning lengths compared to chain-of-thought reasoning. By directly passing the information-rich previous final latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Alex Ning , Yen-Ling Kuo , Gabe Gomes

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world applications, yet their ability to make context-aware safety decisions remains limited. Existing methods often fail to balance oversensitivity (unjustified…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Zheyuan Liu , Zhangchen Xu , Guangyao Dou , Xiangchi Yuan , Zhaoxuan Tan , Radha Poovendran , Meng Jiang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are important tools for reasoning and problem-solving, while they often operate passively, answering questions without actively discovering new ones. This limitation reduces their ability to simulate human-like…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Hong Su

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a framework for grounding Large Language Models (LLMs) in external, up-to-date information. However, recent advancements in context window size allow LLMs to process inputs of up to 128K tokens or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Seongwoong Shim , Myunsoo Kim , Jae Hyeon Cho , Byung-Jun Lee

Despite their strong performance on reasoning benchmarks, large language models (LLMs) have proven brittle when presented with counterfactual questions, suggesting weaknesses in their causal reasoning ability. While recent work has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Victoria Lin , Xinnuo Xu , Rachel Lawrence , Risa Ueno , Amit Sharma , Javier Gonzalez , Niranjani Prasad

Reliability of LLMs is questionable even as they get better at more tasks. A wider adoption of LLMs is contingent on whether they are usably factual. And if they are not, on whether they can properly calibrate their confidence in their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Sharad Duwal

Although multimodal large language models (MLLMs) exhibit remarkable reasoning capabilities on complex multimodal understanding tasks, they still suffer from the notorious hallucination issue: generating outputs misaligned with obvious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Wei Chen , Xin Yan , Bin Wen , Fan Yang , Tingting Gao , Di Zhang , Long Chen

By providing external information to large language models (LLMs), tool augmentation (including retrieval augmentation) has emerged as a promising solution for addressing the limitations of LLMs' static parametric memory. However, how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Jian Xie , Kai Zhang , Jiangjie Chen , Renze Lou , Yu Su

Large language models (LLMs) can answer questions and summarize documents when conditioned on external contexts (e.g., retrieved evidence), yet context use remains unreliable: models may overwrite an already-correct output (neutral…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yufei Tao , Ameeta Agrawal

Ensuring truthfulness in large language models (LLMs) remains a critical challenge for reliable text generation. While supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning with human feedback have shown promise, they require a substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Manh Nguyen , Sunil Gupta , Hung Le

Despite their widespread adoption, large language models (LLMs) remain prohibitive to use under resource constraints, with their ever growing sizes only increasing the barrier for use. One noted issue is the high latency associated with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Jerry Huang , Prasanna Parthasarathi , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh , Sarath Chandar

Understanding how large language models (LLMs) acquire, retain, and apply knowledge remains an open challenge. This paper introduces a novel framework, K-(CSA)^2, which categorizes LLM knowledge along two dimensions: correctness and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Yanbo Fang , Ruixiang Tang

Large language models (LLMs) have seen significant advancements, achieving superior performance in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, from understanding to reasoning. However, they remain vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Chen Chen , Yuchen Sun , Xueluan Gong , Jiaxin Gao , Kwok-Yan Lam