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The capacity and effectiveness of pre-trained multilingual models (MLMs) for zero-shot cross-lingual transfer is well established. However, phenomena of positive or negative transfer, and the effect of language choice still need to be fully…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Fahim Faisal , Antonios Anastasopoulos

This study examines how Large Language Models (LLMs) perform when tackling quantitative management decision problems in a zero-shot setting. Drawing on 900 responses generated by five leading models across 20 diverse managerial scenarios,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Jonathan Kuzmanko

This study investigates the relative impact of training data quality versus quantity on the performance of small language models (SLMs), utilizing the TinyStories dataset for empirical analysis. Analysis of dataset variations with respect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Aryan Sajith , Krishna Chaitanya Rao Kathala

Curriculum learning-organizing training data from easy to hard-has improved efficiency across machine learning domains, yet remains underexplored for language model pretraining. We present the first systematic investigation of curriculum…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Yang Zhang , Amr Mohamed , Hadi Abdine , Guokan Shang , Michalis Vazirgiannis

Large language models (LLMs) such as Llama 2 perform very well on tasks that involve both natural language and source code, particularly code summarization and code generation. We show that for the task of code summarization, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Rajarshi Haldar , Julia Hockenmaier

Multilingual large language models achieve impressive cross-lingual performance despite largely monolingual pretraining. While bilingual data in pretraining corpora is widely believed to enable these abilities, details of its contributions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Jiandong Shao , Raphael Tang , Crystina Zhang , Karin Sevegnani , Pontus Stenetorp , Jianfei Yang , Yao Lu

A multilingual tokenizer is a fundamental component of multilingual neural machine translation. It is trained from a multilingual corpus. Since a skewed data distribution is considered to be harmful, a sampling strategy is usually used to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Shiyue Zhang , Vishrav Chaudhary , Naman Goyal , James Cross , Guillaume Wenzek , Mohit Bansal , Francisco Guzman

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable instruction-following capabilities across various applications. However, their performance in multilingual settings lacks systematic investigation, with existing evaluations lacking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Zhenyu Li , Kehai Chen , Yunfei Long , Xuefeng Bai , Yaoyin Zhang , Xuchen Wei , Juntao Li , Min Zhang

Instruction tuning a large language model with multiple languages can prepare it for multilingual downstream tasks. Nonetheless, it is yet to be determined whether having a handful of languages is sufficient, or whether the benefits…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Shaoxiong Ji , Pinzhen Chen

Large language models are trained on massive scrapes of the web, as required by current scaling laws. Most progress is made for English, given its abundance of high-quality pretraining data. For most other languages, however, such high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Skyler Seto , Maartje ter Hoeve , Richard He Bai , Natalie Schluter , David Grangier

Variation in language is ubiquitous and often systematically linked to regional, social, and contextual factors. Tokenizers split texts into smaller units and might behave differently for less common linguistic forms. This might affect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Anna Wegmann , Dong Nguyen , David Jurgens

We investigate how large language models perform on low-resource languages by benchmarking eight LLMs across five experimental conditions in English, Kazakh, and Mongolian. Using 50 hand-crafted questions spanning factual, reasoning,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Abdul-Salem Beibitkhan

The number of tokens it takes to encode parallel text in different languages is known to vary. These disparities are called token premiums. Having high token premiums leads to less throughput during training and increases costs at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Catherine Arnett , Tyler A. Chang , Stella Biderman , Benjamin K. Bergen

Historically, researchers and consumers have noticed a decrease in quality when applying NLP tools to minority variants of languages (i.e. Puerto Rican Spanish or Swiss German), but studies exploring this have been limited to a select few…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Anjali Kantharuban , Ivan Vulić , Anna Korhonen

As NLP tools become ubiquitous in today's technological landscape, they are increasingly applied to languages with a variety of typological structures. However, NLP research does not focus primarily on typological differences in its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Sophie Groenwold , Samhita Honnavalli , Lily Ou , Aesha Parekh , Sharon Levy , Diba Mirza , William Yang Wang

Automatically assessing classroom discussion quality is becoming increasingly feasible with the help of new NLP advancements such as large language models (LLMs). In this work, we examine how the assessment performance of 2 LLMs interacts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Nhat Tran , Benjamin Pierce , Diane Litman , Richard Correnti , Lindsay Clare Matsumura

While model architecture and training objectives are well-studied, tokenization, particularly in multilingual contexts, remains a relatively neglected aspect of Large Language Model (LLM) development. Existing tokenizers often exhibit high…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in handling multilingual machine translation (MMT). In this paper, we systematically investigate the advantages and challenges of LLMs for MMT by answering two questions:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Wenhao Zhu , Hongyi Liu , Qingxiu Dong , Jingjing Xu , Shujian Huang , Lingpeng Kong , Jiajun Chen , Lei Li

[Context and motivation] Large language models (LLMs) show notable results in natural language processing (NLP) tasks for requirements engineering (RE). However, their use is compromised by high computational cost, data sharing risks, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Mohammad Amin Zadenoori , Vincenzo De Martino , Jacek Dabrowski , Xavier Franch , Alessio Ferrari

Large-scale multilingual evaluations, such as MEGA, often include only a handful of African languages due to the scarcity of high-quality evaluation data and the limited discoverability of existing African datasets. This lack of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Jessica Ojo , Odunayo Ogundepo , Akintunde Oladipo , Kelechi Ogueji , Jimmy Lin , Pontus Stenetorp , David Ifeoluwa Adelani