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We evaluate the autonomous cyber-attack capabilities of frontier AI models on two purpose-built cyber ranges-a 32-step corporate network attack and a 7-step industrial control system attack-that require chaining heterogeneous capabilities…

The United States and China are among the world's top players in the development of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) systems, and both are keen to lead in global AI governance and development. A look at U.S. and Chinese policy…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Oliver Guest , Kevin Wei

Frontier AI regulations primarily focus on systems deployed to external users, where deployment is more visible and subject to outside scrutiny. However, high-stakes applications can occur internally when companies deploy highly capable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Joe Kwon , Stephen Casper

The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI), especially in the domain of Large Language Models (LLMs) and generative AI, has opened new avenues for application across various fields, yet its role in business education remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Vahid Ashrafimoghari , Necdet Gürkan , Jordan W. Suchow

Readers of applied-domain LLM capability evaluations want to know what AI systems can currently do. That literature answers a related, but consequentially different, question: what older, cheaper, less-elicited models could do months or…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-07 David Gringras , Misha Salahshoor

Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly through the advent of large-scale generative AI (GenAI) models such as Large Language Models (LLMs), has become a transformative element in contemporary technology. While these models have unlocked…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Boming Xia , Qinghua Lu , Liming Zhu , Sung Une Lee , Yue Liu , Zhenchang Xing

The dawn of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI), characterized by advanced models such as Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPT) and other Large Language Models (LLMs), has been pivotal in reshaping the field of data analysis,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Shivani Metta , Isaac Chang , Jack Parker , Michael P. Roman , Arturo F. Ehuan

AI systems are rapidly advancing in capability, and frontier model developers broadly acknowledge the need for safeguards against serious misuse. However, this paper demonstrates that fine-tuning, whether via open weights or closed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Brendan Murphy , Dillon Bowen , Shahrad Mohammadzadeh , Tom Tseng , Julius Broomfield , Adam Gleave , Kellin Pelrine

Autonomous Artificial Intelligence (AI) has many benefits. It also has many risks. In this work, we identify the 3 levels of autonomous AI. We are of the position that AI must not be fully autonomous because of the many risks, especially as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Tosin Adewumi , Lama Alkhaled , Florent Imbert , Hui Han , Nudrat Habib , Karl Löwenmark

Today, most large-scale conversational AI agents (e.g. Alexa, Siri, or Google Assistant) are built using manually annotated data to train the different components of the system. Typically, the accuracy of the ML models in these components…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-07 Pragaash Ponnusamy , Alireza Roshan Ghias , Chenlei Guo , Ruhi Sarikaya

Trustworthy capability evaluations are crucial for ensuring the safety of AI systems, and are becoming a key component of AI regulation. However, the developers of an AI system, or the AI system itself, may have incentives for evaluations…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Teun van der Weij , Felix Hofstätter , Ollie Jaffe , Samuel F. Brown , Francis Rhys Ward

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized AI systems by enabling communication with machines using natural language. Recent developments in Generative AI (GenAI) like Vision-Language Models (GPT-4V) and Gemini have shown great…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Jakub M. Tomczak

Recent and unremitting capability advances have been accompanied by calls for comprehensive, rather than patchwork, regulation of frontier artificial intelligence (AI). Approval regulation is emerging as a promising candidate. An approval…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Cole Salvador

There is an urgent need to identify both short and long-term risks from newly emerging types of Artificial Intelligence (AI), as well as available risk management measures. In response, and to support global efforts in regulating AI and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Rokas Gipiškis , Ayrton San Joaquin , Ze Shen Chin , Adrian Regenfuß , Ariel Gil , Koen Holtman

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into the scientific ecosystem raises fundamental questions about the creativity and originality of AI-generated research. Recent work has identified ``smart plagiarism'' as a concern in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Devesh Saraogi , Rohit Singhee , Dhruv Kumar

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly autonomous and integrated into critical societal functions, the focus of AI safety must evolve from mitigating harmful content to evaluating underlying behavioral alignment. Current safety…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Manuel Herrador

Generative AI (GenAI), which aims to synthesize realistic and diverse data samples from latent variables or other data modalities, has achieved remarkable results in various domains, such as natural language, images, audio, and graphs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Shiji Zhou , Lianzhe Wang , Jiangnan Ye , Yongliang Wu , Heng Chang

Political biases in Large Language Model (LLM)-based artificial intelligence (AI) systems, such as OpenAI's ChatGPT or Google's Gemini, have been previously reported. While several prior studies have attempted to quantify these biases using…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-17 David Rozado

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly influenced various industries but suffer from a critical flaw, the potential sensitivity of generating harmful content, which poses severe societal risks. We developed and tested novel attack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yuyi Huang , Runzhe Zhan , Derek F. Wong , Lidia S. Chao , Ailin Tao

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI), such as large language models (LLMs), has become a transformative force across science, industry, and society. As these systems grow in popularity, web data becomes increasingly interwoven with this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Kevin Wang , Hongqian Niu , Didong Li