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Surface codes are a popular error-correction route to fault-tolerant quantum computation. The so-called exponential backlog problem that can arise when one has to do logical $T$-gates within the surface code demands real-time decoding of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Long D. H. My , Shao-Hen Chiew , Jing Hao Chai , Hui Khoon Ng

The field of quantum computation currently lacks a formal proof of experimental feasibility. Qubits are fragile and sophisticated quantum error correction is required to achieve reliable quantum computation. The surface code is a promising…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-12-04 Austin G. Fowler

Topological quantum codes are intrinsically fault-tolerant to local noise, and underlie the theory of topological phases of matter. We explore geometry to enhance the performance of topological quantum codes by rotating the four dimensional…

This article provides an introduction to surface code quantum computing. We first estimate the size and speed of a surface code quantum computer. We then introduce the concept of the stabilizer, using two qubits, and extend this concept to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-30 Austin G. Fowler , Matteo Mariantoni , John M. Martinis , Andrew N. Cleland

Quantum error correction is necessary to perform large-scale quantum computation, but requires extremely large overheads in both space and time. High-rate quantum low-density-parity-check (qLDPC) codes promise a route to reduce qubit…

This thesis is a study of quantum error-correction codes from an algebraic perspective. We concern ourselves not only with quantum codes but also protocols to perform logical quantum computation using such codes. We derive new methods of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-05 Alexander Cowtan

Quantum error correction (QEC) codes can tolerate hardware errors by encoding fault-tolerant logical qubits using redundant physical qubits and detecting errors using parity checks. Leakage errors occur in quantum systems when a qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-26 Suhas Vittal , Poulami Das , Moinuddin Qureshi

The realization of quantum error correction is an essential ingredient for reaching the full potential of fault-tolerant universal quantum computation. Using a range of different schemes, logical qubits can be redundantly encoded in a set…

Quantum networks serve as the means to transmit information, encoded in quantum bits or qubits, between quantum processors that are physically separated. Given the instability of qubits, the design of such networks is challenging,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-23 Tianjie Hu , Jindi Wu , Qun Li

Quantum error correction (QEC) is a cornerstone of quantum computing, enabling reliable information processing in the presence of noise. Sparse stabilizer codes -- referred to generally as quantum low-density parity-check (QLDPC) codes --…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-20 Bane Vasic , Valentin Savin , Michele Pacenti , Shantom Borah , Nithin Raveendran

Individual impurity atoms in silicon can make superb individual qubits, but it remains an immense challenge to build a multi-qubit processor: There is a basic conflict between nanometre separation desired for qubit-qubit interactions, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-05 Joe O'Gorman , Naomi H. Nickerson , Philipp Ross , John J. L. Morton , Simon C. Benjamin

Fault-tolerant quantum computing demands many qubits with long lifetimes to conduct accurate quantum gate operations. However, external noise limits the computing time of physical qubits. Quantum error correction codes may extend such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-03 Chungheon Baek , Tomohiro Ostuka , Seigo Tarucha , Byung-Soo Choi

Large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computations will be enabled by quantum error-correcting codes (QECC). This work presents the first systematic technique to test the accuracy and effectiveness of different QECC decoding schemes by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-22 Arshpreet Singh Maan , Alexandru Paler

We introduce the spanning tree matching (STM) decoder for surface codes, which guarantees the error correction capability up to the code's designed distance by first employing an instance of the minimum spanning tree on a subset of ancilla…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-17 Diego Forlivesi , Lorenzo Valentini , Marco Chiani

Fault-tolerant logical entangling gates are essential for scalable quantum computing, but are limited by the error rates and overheads of physical two-qubit gates and measurements. To address this limitation, we introduce phantom…

The design and performance analysis of quantum error correction (QEC) codes are often based on incoherent and independent noise models since it is easy to simulate. However, these models fail to capture realistic hardware noise sources,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-16 Zeyuan Zhou , Andrew Ji , Yongshan Ding

A foundational assumption of quantum error correction theory is that quantum gates can be scaled to large processors without exceeding the error-threshold for fault tolerance. Two major challenges that could become fundamental roadblocks…

Decoding algorithms are essential to fault-tolerant quantum-computing architectures. In this perspective we explore decoding algorithms for the surface code; a prototypical quantum low-density parity-check code that underlies many of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-29 Benjamin J. Brown

Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes are a promising construction for drastically reducing the overhead of fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) architectures. However, all of the known hardware implementations of these codes…

Active quantum error correction using qubit stabilizer codes has emerged as a promising, but experimentally challenging, engineering program for building a universal quantum computer. In this review we consider the formalism of qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-04-13 Barbara M. Terhal