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Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) stand as a revolutionary advancement in the modern era of artificial intelligence (AI). However, scaling down LLMs for resource-constrained hardware, such as Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Youpeng Zhao , Ming Lin , Huadong Tang , Qiang Wu , Jun Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance and tremendous potential across a wide range of tasks. However, deploying these models has been challenging due to the astronomical amount of model parameters, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Haihao Shen , Hanwen Chang , Bo Dong , Yu Luo , Hengyu Meng

Large language models (LLMs) with Transformer architectures have become phenomenal in natural language processing, multimodal generative artificial intelligence, and agent-oriented artificial intelligence. The self-attention module is the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Rongqing Cong , Wenyang He , Mingxuan Li , Bangning Luo , Zebin Yang , Yuchao Yang , Ru Huang , Bonan Yan

In recent years, large language models have demonstrated remarkable performance across various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, deploying these models for real-world applications often requires efficient inference solutions…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Ditto PS , Jithin VG , Adarsh MS

Online LLM inference powers many exciting applications such as intelligent chatbots and autonomous agents. Modern LLM inference engines widely rely on request batching to improve inference throughput, aiming to make it cost-efficient when…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Xuanlin Jiang , Yang Zhou , Shiyi Cao , Ion Stoica , Minlan Yu

Benefiting from diverse instruction datasets, contemporary Large Language Models (LLMs) perform effectively as AI assistants in collaborating with humans. However, LLMs still struggle to generate natural and colloquial responses in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Renliang Sun , Mengyuan Liu , Shiping Yang , Rui Wang , Junqing He , Jiaxing Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have propelled groundbreaking advancements across several domains and are commonly used for text generation applications. However, the computational demands of these complex models pose significant challenges,…

On-device inference for Large Language Models (LLMs), driven by increasing privacy concerns and advancements of mobile-sized models, has gained significant interest. However, even mobile-sized LLMs (e.g., Gemma-2B) encounter unacceptably…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Daliang Xu , Hao Zhang , Liming Yang , Ruiqi Liu , Gang Huang , Mengwei Xu , Xuanzhe Liu

We introduce the Llama-Nemotron series of models, an open family of heterogeneous reasoning models that deliver exceptional reasoning capabilities, inference efficiency, and an open license for enterprise use. The family comes in three…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Akhiad Bercovich , Itay Levy , Izik Golan , Mohammad Dabbah , Ran El-Yaniv , Omri Puny , Ido Galil , Zach Moshe , Tomer Ronen , Najeeb Nabwani , Ido Shahaf , Oren Tropp , Ehud Karpas , Ran Zilberstein , Jiaqi Zeng , Soumye Singhal , Alexander Bukharin , Yian Zhang , Tugrul Konuk , Gerald Shen , Ameya Sunil Mahabaleshwarkar , Bilal Kartal , Yoshi Suhara , Olivier Delalleau , Zijia Chen , Zhilin Wang , David Mosallanezhad , Adi Renduchintala , Haifeng Qian , Dima Rekesh , Fei Jia , Somshubra Majumdar , Vahid Noroozi , Wasi Uddin Ahmad , Sean Narenthiran , Aleksander Ficek , Mehrzad Samadi , Jocelyn Huang , Siddhartha Jain , Igor Gitman , Ivan Moshkov , Wei Du , Shubham Toshniwal , George Armstrong , Branislav Kisacanin , Matvei Novikov , Daria Gitman , Evelina Bakhturina , Prasoon Varshney , Makesh Narsimhan , Jane Polak Scowcroft , John Kamalu , Dan Su , Kezhi Kong , Markus Kliegl , Rabeeh Karimi Mahabadi , Ying Lin , Sanjeev Satheesh , Jupinder Parmar , Pritam Gundecha , Brandon Norick , Joseph Jennings , Shrimai Prabhumoye , Syeda Nahida Akter , Mostofa Patwary , Abhinav Khattar , Deepak Narayanan , Roger Waleffe , Jimmy Zhang , Bor-Yiing Su , Guyue Huang , Terry Kong , Parth Chadha , Sahil Jain , Christine Harvey , Elad Segal , Jining Huang , Sergey Kashirsky , Robert McQueen , Izzy Putterman , George Lam , Arun Venkatesan , Sherry Wu , Vinh Nguyen , Manoj Kilaru , Andrew Wang , Anna Warno , Abhilash Somasamudramath , Sandip Bhaskar , Maka Dong , Nave Assaf , Shahar Mor , Omer Ullman Argov , Scot Junkin , Oleksandr Romanenko , Pedro Larroy , Monika Katariya , Marco Rovinelli , Viji Balas , Nicholas Edelman , Anahita Bhiwandiwalla , Muthu Subramaniam , Smita Ithape , Karthik Ramamoorthy , Yuting Wu , Suguna Varshini Velury , Omri Almog , Joyjit Daw , Denys Fridman , Erick Galinkin , Michael Evans , Shaona Ghosh , Katherine Luna , Leon Derczynski , Nikki Pope , Eileen Long , Seth Schneider , Guillermo Siman , Tomasz Grzegorzek , Pablo Ribalta , Monika Katariya , Chris Alexiuk , Joey Conway , Trisha Saar , Ann Guan , Krzysztof Pawelec , Shyamala Prayaga , Oleksii Kuchaiev , Boris Ginsburg , Oluwatobi Olabiyi , Kari Briski , Jonathan Cohen , Bryan Catanzaro , Jonah Alben , Yonatan Geifman , Eric Chung

Large Language Model (LLM) inference uses an autoregressive manner to generate one token at a time, which exhibits notably lower operational intensity compared to earlier Machine Learning (ML) models such as encoder-only transformers and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Yufeng Gu , Alireza Khadem , Sumanth Umesh , Ning Liang , Xavier Servot , Onur Mutlu , Ravi Iyer , Reetuparna Das

The demand for better prediction accuracy and higher execution performance in neural networks continues to grow. The emergence and success of Large Language Models (LLMs) have produced many cloud-based tools for software engineering tasks…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Jieke Shi , Junda He , Zhou Yang , Chengran Yang , Mykhailo Klymenko , Thong Hoang , Xiwei Xu , Zhenchang Xing , David Lo

With the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), the demand for high-performance LLM inference services continues to grow. To meet this demand, a growing number of AI accelerators have been proposed, such as Google TPU, Huawei…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Tianhao Zhu , Dahu Feng , Erhu Feng , Yubin Xia

This paper introduces PowerInfer, a high-speed Large Language Model (LLM) inference engine on a personal computer (PC) equipped with a single consumer-grade GPU. The key principle underlying the design of PowerInfer is exploiting the high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Yixin Song , Zeyu Mi , Haotong Xie , Haibo Chen

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed on customer devices. To support them, current devices are adopting SoCs (System on Chip) with NPUs (Neural Processing Unit) installed. Although high performance is expected, LLM…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Jianyu Wei , Qingtao Li , Shijie Cao , Lingxiao Ma , Zixu Hao , Yanyong Zhang , Xiaoyan Hu , Ting Cao

Building self-improving AI systems remains a fundamental challenge in the AI domain. We present NNGPT, an open-source framework that turns a large language model (LLM) into a self-improving AutoML engine for neural network development,…

The past few years has witnessed specialized large language model (LLM) inference systems, such as vLLM, SGLang, Mooncake, and DeepFlow, alongside rapid LLM adoption via services like ChatGPT. Driving these system design efforts is the…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-06-30 James Pan , Guoliang Li

Large language models (LLMs) have shown exceptional performance and vast potential across diverse tasks. However, the deployment of LLMs with high performance in low-resource environments has garnered significant attention in the industry.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Pujiang He , Shan Zhou , Wenhuan Huang , Changqing Li , Duyi Wang , Bin Guo , Chen Meng , Sheng Gui , Weifei Yu , Yi Xie

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance across a variety of tasks. However, their substantial scale leads to significant computational resource consumption during inference, resulting in high costs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Zhaode Wang , Jingbang Yang , Xinyu Qian , Shiwen Xing , Xiaotang Jiang , Chengfei Lv , Shengyu Zhang

This paper investigates the possibility of intuitive human-robot interaction through the application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Large Language Models (LLMs) in mobile robotics. This work aims to explore the feasibility of…

Recent surge in Large Language Model (LLM) availability has opened exciting avenues for research. However, efficiently interacting with these models presents a significant hurdle since LLMs often reside on proprietary or self-hosted API…

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