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The rise of cost involved with drug discovery and current speed of which they are discover, underscore the need for more efficient structure-based drug design (SBDD) methods. We employ Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets), to effectively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Grayson Lee , Tony Shen , Martin Ester

Molecular docking, a technique for predicting ligand binding poses, is crucial in structure-based drug design for understanding protein-ligand interactions. Recent advancements in docking methods, particularly those leveraging geometric…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-17 Jiaxian Yan , Zaixi Zhang , Jintao Zhu , Kai Zhang , Jianfeng Pei , Qi Liu

We present FLOWR.root, an SE(3)-equivariant flow-matching model for pocket-aware 3D ligand generation with joint potency and binding affinity prediction and confidence estimation. The model supports de novo generation, interaction- and…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-03-26 Julian Cremer , Tuan Le , Mohammad M. Ghahremanpour , Emilia Sługocka , Filipe Menezes , Djork-Arné Clevert

Designing ligand-binding proteins, such as enzymes and biosensors, is essential in bioengineering and protein biology. One critical step in this process involves designing protein pockets, the protein interface binding with the ligand.…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-01 Zaixi Zhang , Marinka Zitnik , Qi Liu

Designing novel proteins that bind to small molecules is a long-standing challenge in computational biology, with applications in developing catalysts, biosensors, and more. Current computational methods rely on the assumption that the…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-09-19 Junqi Liu , Shaoning Li , Chence Shi , Zhi Yang , Jian Tang

Molecular docking is a key computational tool utilized to predict the binding conformations of small molecules to protein targets, which is fundamental in the design of novel drugs. Despite recent advancements in geometric deep…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-12-01 Jiaxian Yan , Zaixi Zhang , Kai Zhang , Qi Liu

Protein-ligand structure prediction is an essential task in drug discovery, predicting the binding interactions between small molecules (ligands) and target proteins (receptors). Recent advances have incorporated deep learning techniques to…

The biological functions of proteins often depend on dynamic structural ensembles. In this work, we develop a flow-based generative modeling approach for learning and sampling the conformational landscapes of proteins. We repurpose highly…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-09-04 Bowen Jing , Bonnie Berger , Tommi Jaakkola

Coarse-grained (CG) molecular models of proteins can substantially increase the time and length scales accessible to molecular dynamics simulations of proteins, but recovery of accurate all-atom (AA) ensembles from CG simulation…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-08-06 Alex Berlaga , Michael S. Jones , Andrew L. Ferguson

De novo ligand design is a fundamental task that seeks to generate protein or molecule candidates that can effectively dock with protein receptors and achieve strong binding affinity entirely from scratch. It holds paramount significance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Zekai Chen , Xunkai Li , Sirui Zhang , Henan Sun , Jia Li , Zhenjun Li , Bing Zhou , Rong-Hua Li , Guoren Wang

The effects of ligand binding on protein structures and their in vivo functions carry numerous implications for modern biomedical research and biotechnology development efforts such as drug discovery. Although several deep learning (DL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Alex Morehead , Nabin Giri , Jian Liu , Pawan Neupane , Jianlin Cheng

Molecular docking that predicts the bound structures of small molecules (ligands) to their protein targets, plays a vital role in drug discovery. However, existing docking methods often face limitations: they either overlook crucial…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-02-24 Zizhuo Zhang , Lijun Wu , Kaiyuan Gao , Jiangchao Yao , Tao Qin , Bo Han

Structure-based drug design (SBDD), aiming to generate 3D molecules with high binding affinity toward target proteins, is a vital approach in novel drug discovery. Although recent generative models have shown great potential, they suffer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Jingyuan Zhou , Hao Qian , Shikui Tu , Lei Xu

Predicting the binding structure of a small molecule ligand to a protein -- a task known as molecular docking -- is critical to drug design. Recent deep learning methods that treat docking as a regression problem have decreased runtime…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-02-14 Gabriele Corso , Hannes Stärk , Bowen Jing , Regina Barzilay , Tommi Jaakkola

Accurate prediction of protein-ligand binding structures, a task known as molecular docking is crucial for drug design but remains challenging. While deep learning has shown promise, existing methods often depend on holo-protein structures…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-02-22 Yufei Huang , Odin Zhang , Lirong Wu , Cheng Tan , Haitao Lin , Zhangyang Gao , Siyuan Li , Stan. Z. Li

Protein--ligand docking is widely used in structure-based discovery, but routine studies often fail at the workflow level rather than at the scoring level. Receptor cleaning, ligand preparation, file conversion, box definition, run…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-24 Tieu-Long Phan , Lai Hoang Son Le , Thanh-An Pham , Nhu-Ngoc Nguyen Song , Tuyet-Minh Phan , Tuyen Ngoc Truong

Protein-ligand binding prediction is central to virtual screening and affinity ranking, two fundamental tasks in drug discovery. While recent retrieval-based methods embed ligands and protein pockets into Euclidean space for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jianhui Wang , Wenyu Zhu , Bowen Gao , Xin Hong , Ya-Qin Zhang , Wei-Ying Ma , Yanyan Lan

A significant amount of protein function requires binding small molecules, including enzymatic catalysis. As such, designing binding pockets for small molecules has several impactful applications ranging from drug synthesis to energy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Hannes Stärk , Bowen Jing , Regina Barzilay , Tommi Jaakkola

Sampling useful three-dimensional molecular structures along with their most favorable conformations is a key challenge in drug discovery. Current state-of-the-art 3D de-novo design flow matching or diffusion-based models are limited to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Riccardo Tedoldi , Ola Engkvist , Patrick Bryant , Hossein Azizpour , Jon Paul Janet , Alessandro Tibo

Ligands entering a protein binding pocket essentially compete with water molecules for binding to the protein. Hence, the location and thermodynamic properties of water molecules in protein structures have gained increased attention in the…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2019-08-28 David Schaller , Szymon Pach , Gerhard Wolber
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