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EXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to help users to grasp the reasoning behind the predictions of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system. Many XAI approaches have emerged in recent years. Consequently, a subfield related to the…

The use of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) systems has introduced a set of challenges that need resolution. Herein, we focus on how to correctly select an XAI method, an open questions within the field. The inherent difficulty of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Miquel Miró-Nicolau , Antoni Jaume-i-Capó , Gabriel Moyà-Alcover

Recent legislative regulations have underlined the need for accountable and transparent artificial intelligence systems and have contributed to a growing interest in the Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) field. Nonetheless, the lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Ilaria Vascotto , Alex Rodriguez , Alessandro Bonaita , Luca Bortolussi

Adversarial attacks challenge the reliability of Explainable AI (XAI) by altering explanations while the model's output remains unchanged. The success of these attacks on text-based XAI is often judged using standard information retrieval…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Christopher Burger

In recent years, explaining decisions made by complex machine learning models has become essential in high-stakes domains such as energy systems, healthcare, finance, and autonomous systems. However, the reliability of these explanations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Poushali Sengupta , Sabita Maharjan , Frank Eliassen , Shashi Raj Pandey , Yan Zhang

More recently, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) research has shifted to focus on a more pragmatic or naturalistic account of understanding, that is, whether the stakeholders understand the explanation. This point is especially…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-08-05 Janet Hui-wen Hsiao , Hilary Hei Ting Ngai , Luyu Qiu , Yi Yang , Caleb Chen Cao

It has been long debated that eXplainable AI (XAI) is an important topic, but it lacks rigorous definition and fair metrics. In this paper, we briefly summarize the status quo of the metrics, along with an exhaustive experimental study…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Xiao-Hui Li , Yuhan Shi , Haoyang Li , Wei Bai , Yuanwei Song , Caleb Chen Cao , Lei Chen

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods shed light on the predictions of machine learning algorithms. Several different approaches exist and have already been applied in climate science. However, usually missing ground truth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Philine Bommer , Marlene Kretschmer , Anna Hedström , Dilyara Bareeva , Marina M. -C. Höhne

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models in real-world and high-risk applications has intensified the discussion about their trustworthiness and ethical usage, from both a technical and a legislative perspective. The field of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Ilaria Vascotto , Alex Rodriguez , Alessandro Bonaita , Luca Bortolussi

The increasing reliance on Deep Learning models, combined with their inherent lack of transparency, has spurred the development of a novel field of study known as eXplainable AI (XAI) methods. These methods seek to enhance the trust of…

We are witnessing the emergence of an AI economy and society where AI technologies are increasingly impacting health care, business, transportation and many aspects of everyday life. Many successes have been reported where AI systems even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-27 D. Petkovic

This paper surveys uncertainty-aware explainable artificial intelligence (UAXAI), examining how uncertainty is incorporated into explanatory pipelines and how such methods are evaluated. Across the literature, three recurring approaches to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Helena Löfström , Tuwe Löfström , Anders Hjort , Fatima Rabia Yapicioglu

In the field of Explainable AI, multiples evaluation metrics have been proposed in order to assess the quality of explanation methods w.r.t. a set of desired properties. In this work, we study the articulation between the stability,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Romain Xu-Darme , Jenny Benois-Pineau , Romain Giot , Georges Quénot , Zakaria Chihani , Marie-Christine Rousset , Alexey Zhukov

The usage of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods has become essential in practical applications, given the increasing deployment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models and the legislative requirements put forward in the latest…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Ilaria Vascotto , Valentina Blasone , Alex Rodriguez , Alessandro Bonaita , Luca Bortolussi

The rationale behind a deep learning model's output is often difficult to understand by humans. EXplainable AI (XAI) aims at solving this by developing methods that improve interpretability and explainability of machine learning models.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Rafaël Brandt , Daan Raatjens , Georgi Gaydadjiev

eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims at providing understandable explanations of black box models. In this paper, we evaluate current XAI methods by scoring them based on ground truth simulations and sensitivity analysis. To this…

Recent work has investigated the concept of adversarial attacks on explainable AI (XAI) in the NLP domain with a focus on examining the vulnerability of local surrogate methods such as Lime to adversarial perturbations or small changes on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Christopher Burger , Charles Walter , Thai Le , Lingwei Chen

Despite the growing interest in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), explainability is rarely considered during hyperparameter tuning or neural architecture optimization, where the focus remains primarily on minimizing predictive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Alexander Hinterleitner , Thomas Bartz-Beielstein

Black box models are increasingly being used in the daily lives of human beings living in society. Along with this increase, there has been the emergence of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods aimed at generating additional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-04 José Ribeiro , Lucas Cardoso , Vitor Santos , Eduardo Carvalho , Níkolas Carneiro , Ronnie Alves

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods have become increasingly important in the context of explainable intrusion detection systems (X-IDSs) for improving the interpretability and trustworthiness of X-IDSs. However, existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Mohammed Alquliti , Erisa Karafili , BooJoong Kang
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