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Transformers have revolutionized almost all natural language processing (NLP) tasks but suffer from memory and computational complexity that scales quadratically with sequence length. In contrast, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) exhibit…

The Receptance Weighted Key Value (RWKV) model offers a novel alternative to the Transformer architecture, merging the benefits of recurrent and attention-based systems. Unlike conventional Transformers, which depend heavily on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Zhiyuan Li , Tingyu Xia , Yi Chang , Yuan Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) typically rely on a large number of parameters for token embedding, leading to substantial storage requirements and memory footprints. In particular, LLMs deployed on edge devices are memory-bound, and reducing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Dayin Gou , Sanghyun Byun , Nilesh Malpeddi , Gabrielle De Micheli , Prathamesh Vaste , Jacob Song , Woo Seong Chung

This paper reviews the development of the Receptance Weighted Key Value (RWKV) architecture, emphasizing its advancements in efficient language modeling. RWKV combines the training efficiency of Transformers with the inference efficiency of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Akul Datta

Models based on the Transformer architecture have seen widespread application across fields such as natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics, with large language models like ChatGPT revolutionizing machine understanding of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Yujian Dong , Tianyu Wu , Chaoyang Song

Recent advances in extreme image compression have revealed that mapping pixel data into highly compact latent representations can significantly improve coding efficiency. However, most existing methods compress images into 2-D latent spaces…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Han Liu , Hengyu Man , Xingtao Wang , Wenrui Li , Debin Zhao

Owing to the impressive dot-product attention, the Transformers have been the dominant architectures in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Recently, the Receptance Weighted Key Value (RWKV) architecture follows a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Leilei Wang

RWKV is a modern RNN architecture with comparable performance to Transformer, but still faces challenges when deployed to resource-constrained devices. Post Training Quantization (PTQ), which is a an essential technique to reduce model size…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Chen Xu , Yuxuan Yue , Zukang Xu , Xing Hu , Jiangyong Yu , Zhixuan Chen , Sifan Zhou , Zhihang Yuan , Dawei Yang

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential across a wide range of practical applications. However, long-context inference remains a significant challenge due to the substantial memory requirements…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Bo Jiang , Taolue Yang , Youyuan Liu , Xubin He , Sheng Di , Sian Jin

Learning-based probabilistic models can be combined with an entropy coder for data compression. However, due to the high complexity of learning-based models, their practical application as text compressors has been largely overlooked. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Junxuan Zhang , Zhengxue Cheng , Yan Zhao , Shihao Wang , Dajiang Zhou , Guo Lu , Li Song

Currently, most multimodal studies are based on large language models (LLMs) with quadratic-complexity Transformer architectures. While linear models like RNNs enjoy low inference costs, their application has been largely limited to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jiale Kang , Ziyin Yue , Qingyu Yin , Jiang Rui , Weile Li , Zening Lu , Zhouran Ji

The Key-Value (KV) cache is a crucial component in serving transformer-based autoregressive large language models (LLMs), enabling faster inference by storing previously computed KV vectors. However, its memory consumption scales linearly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Rongzhi Zhang , Kuang Wang , Liyuan Liu , Shuohang Wang , Hao Cheng , Chao Zhang , Yelong Shen

Deep learning methods have traditionally been difficult to apply to compression of hyperspectral images onboard of spacecrafts, due to the large computational complexity needed to achieve adequate representational power, as well as the lack…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-27 Diego Valsesia , Tiziano Bianchi , Enrico Magli

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely adopted to process long-context tasks. However, the large memory overhead of the key-value (KV) cache poses significant challenges in long-context scenarios. Existing training-free KV cache…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Luning Wang , Shiyao Li , Xuefei Ning , Zhihang Yuan , Shengen Yan , Guohao Dai , Yu Wang

Visual Language Models (VLMs) have rapidly progressed with the recent success of large language models. However, there have been few attempts to incorporate efficient linear Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) architectures into VLMs. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Haowen Hou , Peigen Zeng , Fei Ma , Fei Richard Yu

Existing paradigms for remote sensing change detection are caught in a trade-off: CNNs excel at efficiency but lack global context, while Transformers capture long-range dependencies at a prohibitive computational cost. This paper…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Zhenyu Yang , Gensheng Pei , Tao Chen , Xia Yuan , Haofeng Zhang , Xiangbo Shu , Yazhou Yao

Powerful large language models (LLMs) are increasingly expected to be deployed with lower computational costs, enabling their capabilities on resource-constrained devices. Post-training quantization (PTQ) has emerged as a star approach to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Yuzhuang Xu , Shiyu Ji , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

The increasing memory demand of the Key-Value (KV) cache poses a significant bottleneck for Large Language Models (LLMs) in long-context applications. Existing low-rank KV compression methods reduce this footprint by modifying model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Shiyu Ji , Yixuan Wang , Yijun Liu , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

Due to the substantial scale of Large Language Models (LLMs), the direct application of conventional compression methodologies proves impractical. The computational demands associated with even minimal gradient updates present challenges,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Arnav Chavan , Nahush Lele , Deepak Gupta

Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant deployment challenges due to their substantial memory requirements and the computational demands of auto-regressive text generation process. This paper addresses these challenges by focusing on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Yuxuan Yue , Zhihang Yuan , Haojie Duanmu , Sifan Zhou , Jianlong Wu , Liqiang Nie
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