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Pearl's front-door criterion provides a set of sufficient conditions for estimating the total causal effect from observational data in the presence of latent confounding, using the functional P(y | do(x := x*)) = \sum_z P(z | x*) \sum_x P(y…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-04-17 Carol Wu , Elina Robeva

Causal inference is a critical research topic across many domains, such as statistics, computer science, education, public policy and economics, for decades. Nowadays, estimating causal effect from observational data has become an appealing…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-02-10 Liuyi Yao , Zhixuan Chu , Sheng Li , Yaliang Li , Jing Gao , Aidong Zhang

Scientific discovery catalyzes human intellectual advances, driven by the cycle of hypothesis generation, experimental design, evaluation, and assumption refinement. Central to this process is causal inference, uncovering the mechanisms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Ivaxi Sheth , Sahar Abdelnabi , Mario Fritz

The FDC is a general-purpose program package for Feynman Diagram Calculation. We outline previous successes in calculations and focus on its recent progress about automatic deduction the Feynman rules for first principle model, especially…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-11-10 Jian-Xiong Wang

We prove the main rules of causal calculus (also called do-calculus) for i/o structural causal models (ioSCMs), a generalization of a recently proposed general class of non-/linear structural causal models that allow for cycles, latent…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-31 Patrick Forré , Joris M. Mooij

The problem of model selection is inevitable in an increasingly large number of applications involving partial theoretical knowledge and vast amounts of information, like in medicine, biology or economics. The associated techniques are…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-11-17 Stephane Guerrier , Maria-Pia Victoria-Feser

Backdoor adjustment is a technique in causal inference for estimating interventional quantities from purely observational data. For example, in medical settings, backdoor adjustment can be used to control for confounding and estimate the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Daniel Israel , Aditya Grover , Guy Van den Broeck

We present two new classes of causal models of decision-making agents. Our approach is motivated by the needs of modeling the economics of computing systems. These systems are composed of subsystems and can exhibit endogenous limits on…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Sebastian Benthall , Alan Lujan

Approximate confidence distribution computing (ACDC) offers a new take on the rapidly developing field of likelihood-free inference from within a frequentist framework. The appeal of this computational method for statistical inference…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-13 Suzanne Thornton , Wentao Li , Minge Xie

The Potential Outcome Framework (POF) plays a prominent role in the field of causal inference. Most causal inference models based on the POF (CIMs-POF) are designed for eliminating confounding bias and default to an underlying assumption of…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-06 Yonghe Zhao , Qiang Huang , Shuai Fu , Huiyan Sun

In this work we propose a different surgical modified model for the construction of counterfactual variables under non parametric structural equation models. This approach allows the simultaneous representation of counterfactual responses…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2013-10-08 Julieta Molina , Lucio Pantazis , Mariela Sued

A recent paper presents the "false confidence theorem" (FCT) which has potentially broad implications for statistical inference using Bayesian posterior uncertainty. This theorem says that with arbitrarily large (sampling/frequentist)…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-07-18 Iain Carmichael , Jonathan P Williams

This paper establishes fundamental results for statistical inference of diagnostic classification models (DCM). The results are developed at a high level of generality, applicable to essentially all diagnostic classification models. In…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-01-08 Guanhua Fang , Jingchen Liu , Zhiliang Ying

Causal inference methods (instrumental variables, difference-in-differences, regression discontinuity, etc.) are primary tools used across many social science milieus. One area where their application has lagged however, is in the study of…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-04-22 Samuele Centorrino , Christopher F. Parmeter

We consider the problem of estimating causal effects of interventions from observational data when well-known back-door and front-door adjustments are not applicable. We show that when an identifiable causal effect is subject to an implicit…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-04-13 Jouni Helske , Santtu Tikka , Juha Karvanen

In observational studies, adjusting for confounders is required if a treatment comparison is planned. A crude comparison of the primary endpoint without covariate adjustment will suffer from biases, and the addition of regression models…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-11 Shiyu Shu , Toshimitsu Hamasaki , Scott Evans , Lauren Komarow , David van Duin , Guoqing Diao

"What-if" questions are intuitively generated and commonly asked during the design process. Engineers and architects need to inherently conduct design decisions, progressing from one phase to another. They either use empirical domain…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-01-05 Xia Chen , Jimmy Abualdenien , Manav Mahan Singh , André Borrmann , Philipp Geyer

We present new results on average causal effects in settings with unmeasured exposure-outcome confounding. Our results are motivated by a class of estimands, e.g., frequently of interest in medicine and public health, that are currently not…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-12-25 Lan Wen , Aaron L. Sarvet , Mats J. Stensrud

In many fields$\unicode{x2013}$including genomics, epidemiology, natural language processing, social and behavioral sciences, and economics$\unicode{x2013}$it is increasingly important to address causal questions in the context of factor…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-30 Jenna M. Landy , Dafne Zorzetto , Roberta De Vito , Giovanni Parmigiani

We study how to extend the use of the diffusion model to answer the causal question from the observational data under the existence of unmeasured confounders. In Pearl's framework of using a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) to capture the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Tatsuhiro Shimizu