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Large Language Models (LLMs) are computational models capable of performing complex natural language processing tasks. Leveraging these capabilities, LLMs hold the potential to transform the entire hardware design stack, with predictions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Mubashir ul Islam , Humza Sami , Pierre-Emmanuel Gaillardon , Valerio Tenace

Software vulnerabilities remain a critical security challenge, providing entry points for attackers into enterprise networks. Despite advances in security practices, the lack of high-quality datasets capturing diverse exploit behavior…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Alireza Lotfi , Charalampos Katsis , Elisa Bertino

Formal verification can provably guarantee the correctness of critical system software, but the high proof burden has long hindered its wide adoption. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown success in code analysis and synthesis.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Jianan Yao , Ziqiao Zhou , Weiteng Chen , Weidong Cui

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has sparked interest in coding assistants. While general-purpose programming languages are well supported, generating code for domain-specific languages remains a challenging problem for LLMs. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Timo Pierre Schrader , Lukas Lange , Tobias Kaminski , Simon Razniewski , Annemarie Friedrich

Software verification has emerged as a key concern for ensuring the continued progress of information technology. Full verification generally requires, as a crucial step, equipping each loop with a "loop invariant". Beyond their role in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-01-14 Carlo A. Furia , Bertrand Meyer , Sergey Velder

Deep learning models excel at detecting anomaly patterns in normal data. However, they do not provide a direct solution for anomaly classification and scalability across diverse control systems, frequently failing to distinguish genuine…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Jiyong Kwon , Ujin Jeon , Sooji Lee , Guang Lin

One of the main challenges in the analysis of probabilistic programs is to compute invariant properties that summarise loop behaviours. Automation of invariant generation is still at its infancy and most of the times targets only expected…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Ezio Bartocci , Laura Kovács , Miroslav Stankovič

Program verification relies on loop invariants, yet automatically discovering strong invariants remains a long-standing challenge. We investigate whether large language models (LLMs) can accelerate program verification by generating useful…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Anjiang Wei , Tianran Sun , Tarun Suresh , Haoze Wu , Ke Wang , Alex Aiken

We describe a system to prove properties of programs. The key feature of this approach is a method to automatically synthesize inductive invariants of the loops contained in the program. The method is generic, i.e., it applies to a large…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-06-27 Mnacho Echenim , Nicolas Peltier , Yanis Sellami

Compilers can specialize programs having invariants for performance improvement. Detecting program invariants that span large and complex code, however, is difficult for compilers. Traditional compilers do not perform very expensive…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-07-01 Wei He

Provably correct software is one of the key challenges in our softwaredriven society. While formal verification establishes the correctness of a given program, the result of program synthesis is a program which is correct by construction.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Andreas Humenberger , Laura Kovacs

Automatically generating formal specifications including loop invariants, preconditions, and postconditions for legacy code is critical for program understanding, reuse and verification. However, the inherent complexity of control and data…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Fanpeng Yang , Xu Ma , Shuling Wang , Xiong Xu , Qinxiang Cao , Naijun Zhan , Xiaofeng Li , Bin Gu

Static analysis, the process of examining code without executing it, is crucial for identifying software issues. Yet, static analysis is hampered by its complexity and the need for customization for different targets. Traditional static…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Yu Hao , Weiteng Chen , Ziqiao Zhou , Weidong Cui

Verifiers that can prove programs correct against their full functional specification require, for programs with loops, additional annotations in the form of loop invariants---propeties that hold for every iteration of a loop. We show that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-02-09 Juan P. Galeotti , Carlo A. Furia , Eva May , Gordon Fraser , Andreas Zeller

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have showcased their potential in various natural language processing tasks, including code generation. However, while significant progress has been made in adapting LLMs to generate code for several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Erica Coppolillo , Francesco Calimeri , Giuseppe Manco , Simona Perri , Francesco Ricca

Ensuring that a program operates correctly is a difficult task in large, complex systems. Enshrining invariants -- desired properties of correct execution -- in code or comments can support maintainability and help sustain correctness.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-03-19 Vincent J. Hellendoorn , Premkumar T. Devanbu , Oleksandr Polozov , Mark Marron

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in automated code generation. However, existing approaches often rely heavily on pre-defined test cases, which become impractical in scenarios where such cases are unavailable.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Kefan Li , Yuan Yuan , Hongyue Yu , Tingyu Guo , Shijie Cao

Program refinement involves correctness-preserving transformations from formal high-level specification statements into executable programs. Traditional verification tool support for program refinement is highly interactive and lacks…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Yufan Cai , Zhe Hou , Xiaokun Luan , David Miguel Sanan Baena , Yun Lin , Jun Sun , Jin Song Dong

Recently, program synthesis driven by large language models (LLMs) has become increasingly popular. However, program synthesis for machine learning (ML) tasks still poses significant challenges. This paper explores a novel form of program…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Jinglue Xu , Jialong Li , Zhen Liu , Nagar Anthel Venkatesh Suryanarayanan , Guoyuan Zhou , Jia Guo , Hitoshi Iba , Kenji Tei

The latest paradigm shift in software development brings in the innovation and automation afforded by Large Language Models (LLMs), showcased by Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT), which has shown remarkable capacity to generate code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Xiaoyin Wang , Dakai Zhu