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The proliferation of pre-trained models has given rise to a wide array of specialised, fine-tuned models. Model merging aims to merge the distinct capabilities of these specialised models into a unified model, requiring minimal or even no…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Yayuan Li , Jian Zhang , Jintao Guo , Zihan Cheng , Lei Qi , Yinghuan Shi , Yang Gao

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems leverage Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate accurate and reliable responses that are grounded in retrieved context. However, LLMs often generate inconsistent outputs for semantically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Xujun Peng , Anoop Kumar , Jingyu Wu , Parker Glenn , Daben Liu

In conversational AI research, there's a noticeable trend towards developing models with a larger number of parameters, exemplified by models like ChatGPT. While these expansive models tend to generate increasingly better chat responses,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Xiaoding Lu , Zongyi Liu , Adian Liusie , Vyas Raina , Vineet Mudupalli , Yuwen Zhang , William Beauchamp

Model merging dramatically reduces storage and computational resources by combining multiple expert models into a single multi-task model. Although recent model merging methods have shown promising results, they struggle to maintain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Zijing Wang , Xingle Xu , Yongkang Liu , Yiqun Zhang , Peiqin Lin , Shi Feng , Xiaocui Yang , Daling Wang , Hinrich Schütze

Model merging techniques aim to integrate the abilities of multiple models into a single model. Most model merging techniques have hyperparameters, and their setting affects the performance of the merged model. Because several existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Rio Akizuki , Yuya Kudo , Nozomu Yoshinari , Yoichi Hirose , Toshiyuki Nishimoto , Kento Uchida , Shinichi Shirakawa

Model merging is an effective strategy to merge multiple models for enhancing model performances, and more efficient than ensemble learning as it will not introduce extra computation into inference. However, limited research explores if the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Hu Wang , Ibrahim Almakky , Congbo Ma , Numan Saeed , Mohammad Yaqub

Despite the remarkable capabilities of Language Models (LMs) across diverse tasks, no single model consistently outperforms others, necessitating efficient methods to combine their strengths without expensive retraining. Existing model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Jian Gu , Aldeida Aleti , Chunyang Chen , Hongyu Zhang

Merging Large Language Models (LLMs) is a cost-effective technique for combining multiple expert LLMs into a single versatile model, retaining the expertise of the original ones. However, current approaches often overlook the importance of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud , Umberto Michieli , Fabio Pizzati , Philip Torr , Adel Bibi , Bernard Ghanem , Mete Ozay

Vision-language alignment in multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) relies on supervised fine-tuning (SFT) or reinforcement learning (RL). To align multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) in the post-training stage, supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Xin Jin , Siyuan Li , Siyong Jian , Kai Yu , Huan Wang

Merging large language models (LLMs) is a practical way to compose capabilities from multiple fine-tuned checkpoints without retraining. Yet standard schemes (linear weight soups, task vectors, and Fisher-weighted averaging) can preserve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Aniruddha Roy , Jyoti Patel , Aman Chadha , Vinija Jain , Amitava Das

The rapid expansion of the open-source language model landscape presents an opportunity to merge the competencies of these model checkpoints by combining their parameters. Advances in transfer learning, the process of fine-tuning pretrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Charles Goddard , Shamane Siriwardhana , Malikeh Ehghaghi , Luke Meyers , Vlad Karpukhin , Brian Benedict , Mark McQuade , Jacob Solawetz

Scientific workflow systems are increasingly popular for expressing and executing complex data analysis pipelines over large datasets, as they offer reproducibility, dependability, and scalability of analyses by automatic parallelization on…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Mario Sänger , Ninon De Mecquenem , Katarzyna Ewa Lewińska , Vasilis Bountris , Fabian Lehmann , Ulf Leser , Thomas Kosch

Model merging aims to combine multiple task-specific expert models into a single model without joint retraining, offering a practical alternative to multi-task learning when data access or computational budget is limited. Existing methods,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Kaiyang Li , Shaobo Han , Qing Su , Shihao Ji

Combining multiple machine learning models has long been a technique for enhancing performance, particularly in distributed settings. Traditional approaches, such as model ensembles, work well, but are expensive in terms of memory and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Albert Manuel Orozco Camacho , Stefan Horoi , Guy Wolf , Eugene Belilovsky

Achieving balanced alignment of large language models (LLMs) in terms of Helpfulness, Honesty, and Harmlessness (3H optimization) constitutes a cornerstone of responsible AI. Existing methods like data mixture strategies face limitations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jinluan Yang , Dingnan Jin , Anke Tang , Li Shen , Didi Zhu , Zhengyu Chen , Ziyu Zhao , Daixin Wang , Qing Cui , Zhiqiang Zhang , Jun Zhou , Fei Wu , Kun Kuang

Recent research has increasingly focused on reconciling the reasoning capabilities of System 2 with the efficiency of System 1. While existing training-based and prompt-based approaches face significant challenges in terms of efficiency and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yuxuan Yao , Shuqi Liu , Zehua Liu , Qintong Li , Mingyang Liu , Xiongwei Han , Zhijiang Guo , Han Wu , Linqi Song

Multi-task model merging offers a promising paradigm for integrating multiple expert models into a unified model without additional training. Existing state-of-the-art techniques, such as Task Arithmetic and its variants, merge models by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Wenju Sun , Qingyong Li , Yangli-ao Geng , Boyang Li

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is crucial for adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to specific tasks. In this work, we demonstrate that the order of training data can lead to significant training imbalances, potentially resulting in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Yiming Ju , Ziyi Ni , Xingrun Xing , Zhixiong Zeng , hanyu Zhao , Siqi Fan , Zheng Zhang

Deep model fusion/merging is an emerging technique that merges the parameters or predictions of multiple deep learning models into a single one. It combines the abilities of different models to make up for the biases and errors of a single…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Weishi Li , Yong Peng , Miao Zhang , Liang Ding , Han Hu , Li Shen

The escalating scale of Large Language Models (LLMs) necessitates efficient adaptation techniques. Model merging has gained prominence for its efficiency and controllability. However, existing merging techniques typically serve as post-hoc…