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The Key-Value (KV) cache is central to the efficiency of transformer-based large language models (LLMs), storing previously computed vectors to accelerate inference. Yet, as sequence length and batch size grow, the cache becomes a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Damien Lesens , Beheshteh T. Rakhshan , Guillaume Rabusseau

The rapid growth of the big neural network models puts forward new requirements for lightweight network representation methods. The traditional methods based on model compression have achieved great success, especially VQ technology which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Juncan Deng , Shuaiting Li , Zeyu Wang , Hong Gu , Kedong Xu , Kejie Huang

As deep neural networks (DNNs) see increased deployment on mobile and edge devices, optimizing model efficiency has become crucial. Mixed-precision quantization is widely favored, as it offers a superior balance between efficiency and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Seokho Han , Seoyeon Yoon , Jinhee Kim , Dongwei Wang , Kang Eun Jeon , Huanrui Yang , Jong Hwan Ko

Scaling model size significantly challenges the deployment and inference of Large Language Models (LLMs). Due to the redundancy in LLM weights, recent research has focused on pushing weight-only quantization to extremely low-bit (even down…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Yifei Liu , Jicheng Wen , Yang Wang , Shengyu Ye , Li Lyna Zhang , Ting Cao , Cheng Li , Mao Yang

The residual vector quantization (RVQ) technique plays a central role in recent advances in neural audio codecs. These models effectively synthesize high-fidelity audio from a limited number of codes due to the hierarchical structure among…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-24 Hyeongju Kim , Junhyeok Lee , Jacob Morton , Juheon Lee , Jinhyeok Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant deployment challenges due to their substantial memory requirements and the computational demands of auto-regressive text generation process. This paper addresses these challenges by focusing on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Yuxuan Yue , Zhihang Yuan , Haojie Duanmu , Sifan Zhou , Jianlong Wu , Liqiang Nie

Key-value~(KV) caching is an important technique to accelerate the inference of large language models~(LLMs), but incurs significant memory overhead. To compress the size of KV cache, existing methods often compromise precision or require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Peiyu Liu , Ze-Feng Gao , Wayne Xin Zhao , Yipeng Ma , Tao Wang , Ji-Rong Wen

Visual tokenizers are fundamental to image generation. They convert visual data into discrete tokens, enabling transformer-based models to excel at image generation. Despite their success, VQ-based tokenizers like VQGAN face significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Zechen Bai , Jianxiong Gao , Ziteng Gao , Pichao Wang , Zheng Zhang , Tong He , Mike Zheng Shou

Vector Quantization (VQ) is a widely used technique in machine learning and data compression, valued for its simplicity and interpretability. Among hard VQ methods, $k$-medoids clustering and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Thore Gerlach , Sascha Mücke , Christian Bauckhage

Quantization is an effective method for reducing memory footprint and inference time of Neural Networks, e.g., for efficient inference in the cloud, especially at the edge. However, ultra low precision quantization could lead to significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Zhen Dong , Zhewei Yao , Yaohui Cai , Daiyaan Arfeen , Amir Gholami , Michael W. Mahoney , Kurt Keutzer

The exponential growth of video traffic has placed increasing demands on bandwidth and storage infrastructure, particularly for content delivery networks (CDNs) and edge devices. While traditional video codecs like H.264 and HEVC achieve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Manikanta Kotthapalli , Banafsheh Rekabdar

This paper describes an entropy regularization term for vector quantization (VQ) based on the analysis of persistent homology of the VQ embeddings. Higher embedding entropy positively correlates with higher codebook utilization, mitigating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Ivan Volkov

It is customary to deploy uniform scalar quantization in the end-to-end optimized Neural image compression methods, instead of more powerful vector quantization, due to the high complexity of the latter. Lattice vector quantization (LVQ),…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-26 Xi Zhang , Xiaolin Wu

Multi-frame video enhancement tasks aim to improve the spatial and temporal resolution and quality of video sequences by leveraging temporal information from multiple frames, which are widely used in streaming video processing,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-27 ZhanFeng Feng , Long Peng , Xin Di , Yong Guo , Wenbo Li , Yulun Zhang , Renjing Pei , Yang Wang , Yang Cao , Zheng-Jun Zha

Model quantization is challenging due to many tedious hyper-parameters such as precision (bitwidth), dynamic range (minimum and maximum discrete values) and stepsize (interval between discrete values). Unlike prior arts that carefully tune…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Zhang Zhaoyang , Shao Wenqi , Gu Jinwei , Wang Xiaogang , Luo Ping

Vectorized quantum block encoding provides a way to embed classical data into Hilbert space, offering a pathway for quantum models, such as Quantum Transformers (QT), that replace classical self-attention with quantum circuit simulations to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-05 Ziqing Guo , Ziwen Pan , Alex Khan , Jan Balewski

Variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm designed for noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers. It is promising for quantum chemical calculations (QCC) because it can calculate the ground-state…

Mixed precision quantization has become an important technique for optimizing the execution of deep neural networks (DNNs). Certified robustness, which provides provable guarantees about a model's ability to withstand different adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Yuchen Yang , Yifan Zhao , Shubham Ugare , Gagandeep Singh , Sasa Misailovic

We consider vector-quantized (VQ) transmission of compressed sensing (CS) measurements over noisy channels. Adopting mean-square error (MSE) criterion to measure the distortion between a sparse vector and its reconstruction, we derive…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-05-01 Amirpasha Shirazinia , Saikat Chatterjee , Mikael Skoglund

Network quantization is an effective method for the deployment of neural networks on memory and energy constrained mobile devices. In this paper, we propose a Dynamic Network Quantization (DNQ) framework which is composed of two modules: a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-07 Yuhui Xu , Shuai Zhang , Yingyong Qi , Jiaxian Guo , Weiyao Lin , Hongkai Xiong