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Rapid progress in generative AI has given rise to Compound AI systems - pipelines comprised of multiple large language models (LLM), software tools and database systems. Compound AI systems are constructed on a layered traditional software…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Sarbartha Banerjee , Prateek Sahu , Anjo Vahldiek-Oberwagner , Jose Sanchez Vicarte , Mohit Tiwari

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agentic systems that plan, memorize, and act in open-world environments. This shift brings new security problems: failures are no longer only unsafe text generation, but can become…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhihang Deng , Jiaping Gui , Weinan Zhang

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved tremendous success in various applications, they are also susceptible to jailbreaking attacks. Several primary defense strategies have been proposed to protect LLMs from producing harmful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Yichuan Mo , Yuji Wang , Zeming Wei , Yisen Wang

The proliferation of open-weight Large Language Models (LLMs) has democratized agentic AI, yet fine-tuned weights are frequently shared and adopted with limited scrutiny beyond leaderboard performance. This creates a risk where third-party…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Bhanu Pallakonda , Mikkel Hindsbo , Sina Ehsani , Prag Mishra

The growing application of large language models (LLMs) in safety-critical domains has raised urgent concerns about their security. Many recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of backdoor attacks against LLMs. However, existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Jiali Wei , Ming Fan , Guoheng Sun , Xicheng Zhang , Haijun Wang , Ting Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are seeing significant adoption in every type of organization due to their exceptional generative capabilities. However, LLMs are found to be vulnerable to various adversarial attacks, particularly prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Md. Ahsan Ayub , Subhabrata Majumdar

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being harnessed to automate cyberattacks, making sophisticated exploits more accessible and scalable. In response, we propose a new defense strategy tailored to counter LLM-driven cyberattacks.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Dario Pasquini , Evgenios M. Kornaropoulos , Giuseppe Ateniese

Evaluations of large language model (LLM) risks and capabilities are increasingly being incorporated into AI risk management and governance frameworks. Currently, most risk evaluations are conducted by designing inputs that elicit harmful…

The growing ubiquity of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems in several real-world services triggers severe concerns about their security. A RAG system improves the generative capabilities of a Large Language Models (LLM) by a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Christian Di Maio , Cristian Cosci , Marco Maggini , Valentina Poggioni , Stefano Melacci

The growing adoption of large language models (LLMs) has led to a new paradigm in mobile computing--LLM-powered mobile AI agents--capable of decomposing and automating complex tasks directly on smartphones. However, the security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Liangxuan Wu , Chao Wang , Tianming Liu , Yanjie Zhao , Haoyu Wang

Agent hijacking, highlighted by OWASP as a critical threat to the Large Language Model (LLM) ecosystem, enables adversaries to manipulate execution by injecting malicious instructions into retrieved content. Most existing attacks rely on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Xinhao Deng , Jiaqing Wu , Miao Chen , Yue Xiao , Ke Xu , Qi Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) guardrail systems are designed to protect against prompt injection and jailbreak attacks. However, they remain vulnerable to evasion techniques. We demonstrate two approaches for bypassing LLM prompt injection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-15 William Hackett , Lewis Birch , Stefan Trawicki , Neeraj Suri , Peter Garraghan

Recently, the powerful large language models (LLMs) have been instrumental in propelling the progress of recommender systems (RS). However, while these systems have flourished, their susceptibility to security threats has been largely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jinghao Zhang , Yuting Liu , Qiang Liu , Shu Wu , Guibing Guo , Liang Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have found widespread applications in various domains, including web applications, where they facilitate human interaction via chatbots with natural language interfaces. Internally, aided by an LLM-integration…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Rodrigo Pedro , Daniel Castro , Paulo Carreira , Nuno Santos

Augmented Reality (AR) and Multimodal Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly evolving, providing unprecedented capabilities for human-computer interaction. However, their integration introduces a new attack surface for social engineering.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Ting Bi , Chenghang Ye , Zheyu Yang , Ziyi Zhou , Cui Tang , Jun Zhang , Zui Tao , Kailong Wang , Liting Zhou , Yang Yang , Tianlong Yu

Autonomous browsing agents powered by large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to automate web-based tasks. However, their reliance on dynamic content, tool execution, and user-provided data exposes them to a broad attack surface.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Mykyta Mudryi , Markiyan Chaklosh , Grzegorz Wójcik

Adversarial misuse, particularly through `jailbreaking' that circumvents a model's safety and ethical protocols, poses a significant challenge for Large Language Models (LLMs). This paper delves into the mechanisms behind such successful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Huijie Lv , Xiao Wang , Yuansen Zhang , Caishuang Huang , Shihan Dou , Junjie Ye , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming the foundation for autonomous agents that can use tools to solve complex tasks. Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a common approach for injecting such agentic capabilities, but typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Emre Can Acikgoz , Cheng Qian , Jonas Hübotter , Heng Ji , Dilek Hakkani-Tür , Gokhan Tur

LLM-based agents are becoming increasingly capable, yet their safety lags behind. This creates a gap between what agents can do and should do. This gap widens as agents engage in multi-turn interactions and employ diverse tools, introducing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Xu Li , Simon Yu , Minzhou Pan , Yiyou Sun , Bo Li , Dawn Song , Xue Lin , Weiyan Shi

Large Language Models (LLMs) for code generation (i.e., Code LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in AI-assisted software development and testing. However, recent studies have shown that these models are prone to generating…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Wenjie Jacky Mo , Qin Liu , Xiaofei Wen , Dongwon Jung , Hadi Askari , Wenxuan Zhou , Zhe Zhao , Muhao Chen