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Most Human-Machine Interaction (HMI) research overlooks the maneuvering needs of passengers in autonomous driving (AD). Natural language offers an intuitive interface, yet translating passenger open-ended instructions into control signals,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jiawei Liu , Xun Gong , Fen Fang , Muli Yang , Bohao Qu , Yunfeng Hu , Hong Chen , Xulei Yang , Qing Guo

End-to-end learning has emerged as a transformative paradigm in autonomous driving. However, the inherently multimodal nature of driving behaviors and the generalization challenges in long-tail scenarios remain critical obstacles to robust…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Rui Zhao , Yuze Fan , Ziguo Chen , Fei Gao , Zhenhai Gao

Despite real-time planners exhibiting remarkable performance in autonomous driving, the growing exploration of Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened avenues for enhancing the interpretability and controllability of motion planning.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Yuan Chen , Zi-han Ding , Ziqin Wang , Yan Wang , Lijun Zhang , Si Liu

Many fields could benefit from the rapid development of the large language models (LLMs). The end-to-end autonomous driving (e2eAD) is one of the typically fields facing new opportunities as the LLMs have supported more and more modalities.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Peiru Zheng , Yun Zhao , Zhan Gong , Hong Zhu , Shaohua Wu

Exploring open-world situations in an end-to-end manner is a promising yet challenging task due to the need for strong generalization capabilities. In particular, end-to-end autonomous driving in unstructured outdoor environments often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Hyunki Seong , Seongwoo Moon , Hojin Ahn , Jehun Kang , David Hyunchul Shim

In the spectrum of vision-based autonomous driving, vanilla end-to-end models are not interpretable and suboptimal in performance, while mediated perception models require additional intermediate representations such as segmentation masks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-09-07 Luona Yang , Xiaodan Liang , Tairui Wang , Eric Xing

Typically, autonomous driving adopts a modular design, which divides the full stack into perception, prediction, planning and control parts. Though interpretable, such modular design tends to introduce a substantial amount of redundancy.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Fan Jia , Weixin Mao , Yingfei Liu , Yucheng Zhao , Yuqing Wen , Chi Zhang , Xiangyu Zhang , Tiancai Wang

Autonomous driving demands safe motion planning, especially in critical "long-tail" scenarios. Recent end-to-end autonomous driving systems leverage large language models (LLMs) as planners to improve generalizability to rare events.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Deepti Hegde , Rajeev Yasarla , Hong Cai , Shizhong Han , Apratim Bhattacharyya , Shweta Mahajan , Litian Liu , Risheek Garrepalli , Vishal M. Patel , Fatih Porikli

End-to-end autonomous driving has emerged as a promising approach to unify perception, prediction, and planning within a single framework, reducing information loss and improving adaptability. However, existing methods often rely on fixed…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Yuhang Lu , Jiadong Tu , Yuexin Ma , Xinge Zhu

Designing autonomous driving systems requires efficient exploration of large hardware/software configuration spaces under diverse environmental conditions, e.g., with varying traffic, weather, and road layouts. Traditional design space…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Po-An Shih , Shao-Hua Wang , Yung-Che Li , Chia-Heng Tu , Chih-Han Chang

Autonomous Driving (AD) encounters significant safety hurdles in long-tail unforeseen driving scenarios, largely stemming from the non-interpretability and poor generalization of the deep neural networks within the AD system, particularly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Yixuan Wang , Ruochen Jiao , Sinong Simon Zhan , Chengtian Lang , Chao Huang , Zhaoran Wang , Zhuoran Yang , Qi Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made substantial advancements in the field of robotic and autonomous driving. This study presents the first Occupancy-based Large Language Model (Occ-LLM), which represents a pioneering effort to integrate…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Tianshuo Xu , Hao Lu , Xu Yan , Yingjie Cai , Bingbing Liu , Yingcong Chen

Learning-based perception and prediction modules in modern autonomous driving systems typically rely on expensive human annotation and are designed to perceive only a handful of predefined object categories. This closed-set paradigm is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Mahyar Najibi , Jingwei Ji , Yin Zhou , Charles R. Qi , Xinchen Yan , Scott Ettinger , Dragomir Anguelov

Imitation learning is a promising approach to end-to-end training of autonomous vehicle controllers. Typically the driving process with such approaches is entirely automatic and black-box, although in practice it is desirable to control the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-23 Renhao Wang , Adam Scibior , Frank Wood

In an era marked by the rapid scaling of foundation models, autonomous driving technologies are approaching a transformative threshold where end-to-end autonomous driving (E2E-AD) emerges due to its potential of scaling up in the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Xiaosong Jia , Zhenjie Yang , Qifeng Li , Zhiyuan Zhang , Junchi Yan

The key to achieving autonomous driving lies in topology-aware perception, the structured understanding of the driving environment with an emphasis on lane topology and road semantics. This survey systematically reviews four core research…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yixiao Chen , Ruining Yang , Xin Chen , Jia He , Dongliang Xu , Yue Yao

End-to-end autonomous driving, which bypasses traditional modular pipelines by directly predicting future trajectories from sensor inputs, has recently achieved substantial progress. However, existing methods often overlook the causal…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Seokha Moon , Minseung Lee , Joon Seo , Jinkyu Kim , Jungbeom Lee

End-to-end autonomous driving has gained significant attention for its potential to learn robust behavior in interactive scenarios and scale with data. Popular architectures often build on separate modules for perception and planning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-17 David Holtz , Niklas Hanselmann , Simon Doll , Marius Cordts , Bernt Schiele

Collecting a high-quality dataset is a critical task that demands meticulous attention to detail, as overlooking certain aspects can render the entire dataset unusable. Autonomous driving challenges remain a prominent area of research,…

Autonomous vehicle (AV) stacks have traditionally relied on decomposed approaches, with separate modules handling perception, prediction, and planning. However, this design introduces information loss during inter-module communication,…