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We introduce Debate Speech Evaluation as a novel and challenging benchmark for assessing LLM judges. Evaluating debate speeches requires a deep understanding of the speech at multiple levels, including argument strength and relevance, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Noy Sternlicht , Ariel Gera , Roy Bar-Haim , Tom Hope , Noam Slonim

Given the challenge of automatically evaluating free-form outputs from large language models (LLMs), an increasingly common solution is to use LLMs themselves as the judging mechanism, without any gold-standard scores. Implicitly, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Patrick Vossler , Fan Xia , Yifan Mai , Adarsh Subbaswamy , Jean Feng

As Natural Language Generation (NLG) continues to be widely adopted, properly assessing it has become quite difficult. Lately, using large language models (LLMs) for evaluating these generations has gained traction, as they tend to align…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Rajarshi Haldar , Julia Hockenmaier

The effective training and evaluation of retrieval systems require a substantial amount of relevance judgments, which are traditionally collected from human assessors -- a process that is both costly and time-consuming. Large Language…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Hossein A. Rahmani , Emine Yilmaz , Nick Craswell , Bhaskar Mitra

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) often requires costly human annotations. To address this, LLM-based judges have been proposed, which compare the outputs of two LLMs enabling the ranking of models without human intervention. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 David Salinas , Omar Swelam , Frank Hutter

Recent advances in generative AI have led to remarkable interest in using systems that rely on large language models (LLMs) for practical applications. However, meaningful evaluation of these systems in real-world scenarios comes with a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Ethan M. Rudd , Christopher Andrews , Philip Tully

The progress of AI is bottlenecked by the quality of evaluation, making powerful LLM-as-a-Judge models a core solution. The efficacy of these judges depends on their chain-of-thought reasoning, creating a critical need for methods that can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Chenxi Whitehouse , Tianlu Wang , Ping Yu , Xian Li , Jason Weston , Ilia Kulikov , Swarnadeep Saha

Traditional reference-based metrics, such as BLEU and ROUGE, are less effective for assessing outputs from Large Language Models (LLMs) that produce highly creative or superior-quality text, or in situations where reference outputs are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Qian Pan , Zahra Ashktorab , Michael Desmond , Martin Santillan Cooper , James Johnson , Rahul Nair , Elizabeth Daly , Werner Geyer

The rapid adoption of AI agents across domains has made systematic evaluation crucial for ensuring their usefulness and successful production deployment. Evaluation of AI agents typically involves using a fixed set of benchmarks and…

Automatic reviewing helps handle a large volume of papers, provides early feedback and quality control, reduces bias, and allows the analysis of trends. We evaluate the alignment of automatic paper reviews with human reviews using an arena…

Large Language Models (LLMs) and other automated techniques have been increasingly used to support software developers by generating software artifacts such as code snippets, patches, and comments. However, accurately assessing the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Xin Zhou , Kisub Kim , Ting Zhang , Martin Weyssow , Luis F. Gomes , Guang Yang , Kui Liu , Xin Xia , David Lo

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated evaluators, yet prior works demonstrate that these LLM judges often lack consistency in scoring when the prompt is altered. However, the effect of the grading scale itself…

Large-scale public deliberations generate thousands of free-form contributions that must be synthesized into representative and neutral summaries for policy use. While LLMs have been shown as a promising tool to generate summaries for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Shenzhe Zhu , Shu Yang , Michiel A. Bakker , Alex Pentland , Jiaxin Pei

LLM-as-a-judge approaches have emerged as a scalable solution for evaluating model behaviors, yet they rely on evaluation criteria often created by a single individual, embedding that person's assumptions, priorities, and interpretive lens.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Charles Chiang , Simret Gebreegziabher , Annalisa Szymanski , Yukun Yang , Hyo Jin Do , Zahra Ashktorab , Werner Geyer , Toby Li , Diego Gomez-Zara

While small language models (SLMs) have shown promise on various reasoning tasks, their ability to judge the correctness of answers remains unclear compared to large language models (LLMs). Prior work on LLM-as-a-judge frameworks typically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Zhenyu Bi , Gaurav Srivastava , Yang Li , Meng Lu , Swastik Roy , Morteza Ziyadi , Xuan Wang

The rapid integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into software engineering (SE) has revolutionized tasks like code generation, producing a massive volume of software artifacts. This surge has exposed a critical bottleneck: the lack of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Junda He , Jieke Shi , Terry Yue Zhuo , Christoph Treude , Jiamou Sun , Zhenchang Xing , Xiaoning Du , David Lo

Large multimodal models (LMMs) are increasingly adopted as judges in multimodal evaluation systems due to their strong instruction following and consistency with human preferences. However, their ability to follow diverse, fine-grained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Tianyi Xiong , Yi Ge , Ming Li , Zuolong Zhang , Pranav Kulkarni , Kaishen Wang , Qi He , Zeying Zhu , Chenxi Liu , Ruibo Chen , Tong Zheng , Yanshuo Chen , Xiyao Wang , Renrui Zhang , Wenhu Chen , Heng Huang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as judges to evaluate agent performance, particularly in non-verifiable settings where judgments rely on agent trajectories including chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. This paradigm…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Muhammad Khalifa , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Jaekyeom Kim , Sungryull Sohn , Yunxiang Zhang , Moontae Lee , Hao Peng , Lu Wang , Honglak Lee

Evaluating large language models typically relies on human-authored benchmarks, reference answers, and human or single-model judgments, approaches that scale poorly, become quickly outdated, and mismatch open-world deployments that depend…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Yanki Margalit , Erni Avram , Ran Taig , Oded Margalit , Nurit Cohen-Inger

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in both academic and industry settings to automate the evaluation of information seeking systems, particularly by generating graded relevance judgments. Previous work on LLM-based…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Negar Arabzadeh , Charles L. A. Clarke