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Contrastive vision-language models (VLMs) have made significant progress in binding visual and textual information, yet understanding long, compositional captions remains an open challenge. While these capabilities are often assumed to be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Israfel Salazar , Desmond Elliott , Yova Kementchedjhieva

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have shown solid ability for multimodal understanding of both visual and language contexts. However, existing VLMs often face severe challenges of hallucinations, meaning that VLMs tend to generate responses…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jinjin Cao , Zhiyang Chen , Zijun Wang , Liyuan Ma , Weijian Luo , Guojun Qi

Many vision-language models (VLMs) that prove very effective at a range of multimodal task, build on CLIP-based vision encoders, which are known to have various limitations. We investigate the hypothesis that the strong language backbone in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Sho Takishita , Jay Gala , Abdelrahman Mohamed , Kentaro Inui , Yova Kementchedjhieva

Visual reasoning is dominated by end-to-end neural networks scaled to billions of model parameters and training examples. However, even the largest models struggle with compositional reasoning, generalization, fine-grained spatial and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Aleksandar Stanić , Sergi Caelles , Michael Tschannen

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) learn a shared feature space for text and images, enabling the comparison of inputs of different modalities. While prior works demonstrated that VLMs organize natural language representations into regular…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Davide Berasi , Matteo Farina , Massimiliano Mancini , Elisa Ricci , Nicola Strisciuglio

While LLMs have emerged as performant architectures for reasoning tasks, their compositional generalization capabilities have been questioned. In this work, we introduce a Compositional Generalization Challenge for Graph-based Commonsense…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Xiyan Fu , Anette Frank

Despite the impressive performance of vision-language models (VLMs) on downstream tasks, their ability to understand and reason about causal relationships in visual inputs remains unclear. Robust causal reasoning is fundamental to solving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Zhaotian Weng , Haoxuan Li , Xin Eric Wang , Kuan-Hao Huang , Jieyu Zhao

Mechanistic interpretability seeks to understand the neural mechanisms that enable specific behaviors in Large Language Models (LLMs) by leveraging causality-based methods. While these approaches have identified neural circuits that copy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Vedant Palit , Rohan Pandey , Aryaman Arora , Paul Pu Liang

Large language models (LLMs) have made significant advancements in natural language understanding. However, through that enormous semantic representation that the LLM has learnt, is it somehow possible for it to understand images as well?…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Mu Cai , Zeyi Huang , Yuheng Li , Utkarsh Ojha , Haohan Wang , Yong Jae Lee

Visual language is a system of communication that conveys information through symbols, shapes, and spatial arrangements. Diagrams are a typical example of a visual language depicting complex concepts and their relationships in the form of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yifan Hou , Buse Giledereli , Yilei Tu , Mrinmaya Sachan

Vision-Language Models (VLMs), such as CLIP, exhibit strong image-text comprehension abilities, facilitating advances in several downstream tasks such as zero-shot image classification, image-text retrieval, and text-to-image generation.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Le Zhang , Rabiul Awal , Aishwarya Agrawal

Human language is grounded on multimodal knowledge including visual knowledge like colors, sizes, and shapes. However, current large-scale pre-trained language models rely on text-only self-supervised training with massive text data, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Weizhi Wang , Li Dong , Hao Cheng , Haoyu Song , Xiaodong Liu , Xifeng Yan , Jianfeng Gao , Furu Wei

While significant progress has been made in Video Question Answering and cross-modal understanding, causal reasoning about how visual dynamics drive musical structure in music videos remains under-explored. We introduce KARMA-MV, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Archishman Ghosh , Abhinaba Roy , Dorien Herremans

While Multi-modal Language Models (MLMs) demonstrate impressive multimodal ability, they still struggle on providing factual and precise responses for tasks like visual question answering (VQA). In this paper, we address this challenge from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Shitian Zhao , Zhuowan Li , Yadong Lu , Alan Yuille , Yan Wang

Recent advances in Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in perception and reasoning. However, the ability to perform causal inference -- a core aspect of human cognition -- remains underexplored,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Keummin Ka , Junhyeong Park , Jaehyun Jeon , Youngjae Yu

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are powerful tools for processing and understanding text and images. We study the processing of visual tokens in the language model component of LLaVA, a prominent VLM. Our approach focuses on analyzing the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Clement Neo , Luke Ong , Philip Torr , Mor Geva , David Krueger , Fazl Barez

Vision-language models (VLMs) have shown to be effective at image retrieval based on simple text queries, but text-image retrieval based on conversational input remains a challenge. Consequently, if we want to use VLMs for reference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Bram Willemsen , Livia Qian , Gabriel Skantze

Causality is essential for understanding complex systems, such as the economy, the brain, and the climate. Constructing causal graphs often relies on either data-driven or expert-driven approaches, both fraught with challenges. The former…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Kai-Hendrik Cohrs , Gherardo Varando , Emiliano Diaz , Vasileios Sitokonstantinou , Gustau Camps-Valls

Compositional reasoning remains a persistent weakness of modern vision language models (VLMs): they often falter when a task hinges on understanding how multiple objects, attributes, and relations interact within an image. Multiple research…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sanchit Sinha , Guangzhi Xiong , Aidong Zhang

While neural networks have been successfully applied to many NLP tasks the resulting vector-based models are very difficult to interpret. For example it's not clear how they achieve {\em compositionality}, building sentence meaning from the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-01-11 Jiwei Li , Xinlei Chen , Eduard Hovy , Dan Jurafsky