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This paper considers multiple binary hypothesis tests with adaptive allocation of sensing resources from a shared budget over a small number of stages. A Bayesian formulation is provided for the multistage allocation problem of minimizing…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-11-05 Dennis Wei

Large Language Models can generate synthetic survey responses at low cost, but their accuracy varies unpredictably across questions. We study the design problem of allocating a fixed budget of human respondents across estimation tasks when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zikun Ye , Hema Yoganarasimhan

A common paradigm to improve the performance of large language models is optimizing for a reward model. Reward models assign a numerical score to an LLM's output that indicates, for example, how likely it is to align with user preferences…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Hadi Khalaf , Claudio Mayrink Verdun , Alex Oesterling , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Flavio du Pin Calmon

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse natural language tasks, yet the reward models employed for aligning LLMs often encounter challenges of reward hacking, where the approaches predominantly rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Biao Liu , Ning Xu , Junming Yang , Hao Xu , Xin Geng

Choosing a decision threshold is one of the challenging job in any classification tasks. How much the model is accurate, if the deciding boundary is not picked up carefully, its entire performance would go in vain. On the other hand, for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Bharat Bohara

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is a widely used framework for the training of language models. However, the process of using RLHF to develop a language model that is well-aligned presents challenges, especially when it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Bowen Qin , Duanyu Feng , Xi Yang

Over the past few decades, statistical methods for causal inference have made impressive strides, enabling progress across a range of scientific fields. However, much of this methodological development has been confined to individual…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-30 Wenqi Shi , José R. Zubizarreta

Aligning large language models with multiple human expectations and values is crucial for ensuring that they adequately serve a variety of user needs. To this end, offline multiobjective alignment algorithms such as the Rewards-in-Context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Haoran Gu , Handing Wang , Yi Mei , Mengjie Zhang , Yaochu Jin

Person re-identification (re-ID) is a highly challenging task due to large variations of pose, viewpoint, illumination, and occlusion. Deep metric learning provides a satisfactory solution to person re-ID by training a deep network under…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-31 Rui Yu , Zhiyong Dou , Song Bai , Zhaoxiang Zhang , Yongchao Xu , Xiang Bai

Large language models (LLMs) make reward design in reinforcement learning substantially more scalable, but generated rewards are not automatically reliable training objectives. Existing work has focused primarily on generating, evolving, or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Feiyu Wu , Xu Zheng , Zhuocheng Wang , Yi ming Dai , Hui Li

Aggregating multiple learners through an ensemble of models aim to make better predictions by capturing the underlying distribution of the data more accurately. Different ensembling methods, such as bagging, boosting, and stacking/blending,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-11-03 Mohsen Shahhosseini , Guiping Hu , Hieu Pham

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) replaces hard-to-specify rewards with pairwise trajectory preferences, yet regret-oriented theory often assumes that preference labels are generated consistently from a single ground-truth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Ming Shi , Yingbin Liang , Ness B. Shroff , Ananthram Swami

Recent advances in aligning Large Language Models with human preferences have benefited from larger reward models and better preference data. However, most of these methodologies rely on the accuracy of the reward model. The reward models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Debangshu Banerjee , Aditya Gopalan

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly embedded in everyday applications, ensuring their alignment with the diverse preferences of individual users has become a critical challenge. Currently deployed approaches typically assume…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Katarzyna Kobalczyk , Claudio Fanconi , Hao Sun , Mihaela van der Schaar

Reward Models (RMs) are crucial for online alignment of language models (LMs) with human preferences. However, RM-based preference-tuning is vulnerable to reward hacking, whereby LM policies learn undesirable behaviors from flawed RMs. By…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Daniel Fein , Max Lamparth , Violet Xiang , Mykel J. Kochenderfer , Nick Haber

Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) is crucial for precision medicine. While multiple studies can improve the generalizability of results, leveraging them for estimation is statistically challenging. Existing approaches often…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-22 Cathy Shyr , Boyu Ren , Prasad Patil , Giovanni Parmigiani

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) can improve low-$k$ reasoning accuracy while narrowing solution coverage on challenging math questions, and pass@1 gains do not necessarily translate into better large-$k$ performance.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Pei-Xi Xie , Che-Yu Lin , Cheng-Lin Yang

Reward shaping is a technique in reinforcement learning that addresses the sparse-reward problem by providing more frequent and informative rewards. We introduce a self-adaptive and highly efficient reward shaping mechanism that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Haozhe Ma , Zhengding Luo , Thanh Vinh Vo , Kuankuan Sima , Tze-Yun Leong

In general, human pose estimation methods are categorized into two approaches according to their architectures: regression (i.e., heatmap-free) and heatmap-based methods. The former one directly estimates precise coordinates of each…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Jonghyun Kim , Bosang Kim , Hyotae Lee , Jungpyo Kim , Wonhyeok Im , Lanying Jin , Dowoo Kwon , Jungho Lee

We propose a method to capture the handling abilities of fast jet pilots in a software model via reinforcement learning (RL) from human preference feedback. We use pairwise preferences over simulated flight trajectories to learn an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Tom Bewley , Jonathan Lawry , Arthur Richards