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We consider the decidability and complexity of the Ultimate Positivity Problem, which asks whether all but finitely many terms of a given rational linear recurrence sequence (LRS) are positive. Using lower bounds in Diophantine…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-04-07 Joel Ouaknine , James Worrell

Using the Perron-Frobenius eigenfunction and eigenvalue, each finite irreducible nonnegative matrix $A$ can be transformed into a probability kernel $P$. This was generalized by David Vere-Jones who gave necessary and sufficient conditions…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-12-02 Jan M. Swart

To determine whether a number is congruent or not is an old and difficult topic and progress is slow. The paper presents a new theorem when a prime number is a congruent number or not. The proof is not necessarily any simpler or shorter…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-08-03 Jorma Jormakka , Sourangshu Ghosh

The notion \emph{Perron-Frobenius theory} usually refers to the interaction between three properties of operator semigroups: positivity, spectrum and long-time behaviour. These interactions gives rise to a profound theory with plenty of…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2021-04-28 Wolfgang Arendt , Jochen Glück

A positive linear recurrence sequence is of the form $H_{n+1} = c_1 H_n + \cdots + c_L H_{n+1-L}$ with each $c_i \ge 0$ and $c_1 c_L > 0$, with appropriately chosen initial conditions. There is a notion of a legal decomposition (roughly,…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-07-19 Steven J. Miller , Dawn Nelson , Zhao Pan , Huanzhong Xu

We observe that the characteristic polynomial of a linearly perturbed semidefinite matrix can be used to give the convergence rate of alternating projections for the positive semidefinite cone and a line. As a consequence, we show that such…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-17 Hiroyuki Ochiai , Yoshiyuki Sekiguchi , Hayato Waki

Three events in a probability space form a conjunctive fork if they satisfy specific constraints on conditional independence and covariances. Patterns of conjunctive forks within collections of events are characterized by means of systems…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-08-30 Vašek Chvátal , František Matúš , Yori Zwólš

We investigate the generalized moment membership problem for matrices, a formulation equivalent to Skolem's problem for linear recurrence sequences. We show decidability for orthogonal, unitary, and real eigenvalue matrices, and…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2025-05-28 Gemma De les Coves , Joshua Graf , Andreas Klingler , Tim Netzer

The notion of path-complete positivity is introduced as a way to generalize the property of positivity from one LTI system to a family of switched LTI systems whose switching rule is constrained by a finite automaton. The generalization…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-11-09 Fulvio Forni , Raphael M. Jungers , Rodolphe Sepulchre

Let F be a homogeneous real polynomial of even degree in any number of variables. We consider the problem of giving explicit conditions on the coefficients so that F is positive definite or positive semi-definite. In this note we produce a…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Fernando Cukierman

A sequence of positive integers is complete if every positive integer is a sum of distinct terms. A positive linear recurrence sequence (PLRS) is a sequence defined by a homogeneous linear recurrence relation with nonnegative coefficients…

We study a class of projective transformations of spectraplexes associated with self-dual cones and, on this basis, propose a polynomial-time algorithm for convex feasibility problems with positive definite constraints. At each iteration of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-19 Sergei Chubanov

We study the growth behaviour of rational linear recurrence sequences. We show that for low-order sequences, divergence is decidable in polynomial time. We also exhibit a polynomial-time algorithm which takes as input a divergent rational…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Shaull Almagor , Brynmor Chapman , Mehran Hosseini , Joël Ouaknine , James Worrell

An infinite sequence $\langle{u_n}\rangle_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ of real numbers is holonomic (also known as P-recursive or P-finite) if it satisfies a linear recurrence relation with polynomial coefficients. Such a sequence is said to be…

We study log-concavity properties of real sequences $(a_n)_{n \ge 0}$ satisfying a $d$-th order linear recurrence whose coefficients are linear functions of $n$; the so-called P-recursive (or holonomic) sequences. Writing the recurrence in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-17 Piero Giacomelli

A polynomial that is nonnegative over a given interval is called a positive polynomial. The set of such positive polynomials forms a closed convex cone $K$. In this paper, we consider the likelihood ratio test for the hypothesis of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-11-15 Naohiro Kato , Satoshi Kuriki

Linear Recurrence Sequences (LRS) are a fundamental mathematical primitive for a plethora of applications such as the verification of probabilistic systems, model checking, computational biology, and economics. Positivity (are all terms of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-07-14 Mihir Vahanwala

We study a generalization of conditional probability for arbitrary ordered vector spaces. A related problem is that of assigning a numerical value to one vector relative to another. We characterize the groups for which these generalized…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-12 Nicolas Monod

We define a triangular array closely related to Stern's diatomic array and show that for a fixed integer $r\geq 1$, the sum $u_r(n)$ of the $r$th powers of the entries in row $n$ satisfy a linear recurrence with constant coefficients. The…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-01-16 Richard P. Stanley

We prove that many sequences of positive numbers $(a_n)$ defined by finite linear difference equations $a_{n+k}=c_{k-1}a_{n+k-1}+...+c_0a_n$ with suitable non negative reals coefficients $c_i$ satisfy Bendford's Law on the first digit in…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2010-08-18 Hugues Deligny , Paul Jolissaint