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Hope speech has been relatively underrepresented in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Current studies are largely focused on English, which has resulted in a lack of resources for low-resource languages such as Urdu. As a result, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Ahmed Abdullah , Sana Fatima , Haroon Mahmood

Cyberbullying is a prevalent and growing social problem due to the surge of social media technology usage. Minorities, women, and adolescents are among the common victims of cyberbullying. Despite the advancement of NLP technologies, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Thushari Atapattu , Mahen Herath , Georgia Zhang , Katrina Falkner

Hate speech is one of the main threats posed by the widespread use of social networks, despite efforts to limit it. Although attention has been devoted to this issue, the lack of datasets and case studies centered around scarcely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Camilla Casula , Sara Tonelli

White supremacists embrace a radical ideology that considers white people superior to people of other races. The critical influence of these groups is no longer limited to social media; they also have a significant effect on society in many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-02 Hind Saleh Alatawi , Areej Maatog Alhothali , Kawthar Mustafa Moria

Social media platforms are used by a large number of people prominently to express their thoughts and opinions. However, these platforms have contributed to a substantial amount of hateful and abusive content as well. Therefore, it is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Abhishek Velankar , Hrushikesh Patil , Amol Gore , Shubham Salunke , Raviraj Joshi

The number of Hindi speakers on social media has increased dramatically in recent years. Regret is a common emotional experience in our everyday life. Many speakers on social media, share their regretful experiences and opinions regularly.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Renuka Sharma , Sushama Nagpal , Sangeeta Sabharwal , Sabur Butt

This paper describes our participation in the shared task of hate speech detection, which is one of the subtasks of the CERIST NLP Challenge 2022. Our experiments evaluate the performance of six transformer models and their combination…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Angel Felipe Magnossão de Paula , Imene Bensalem , Paolo Rosso , Wajdi Zaghouani

The term "Code Mixed" refers to the use of more than one language in the same text. This phenomenon is predominantly observed on social media platforms, with an increasing amount of adaptation as time goes on. It is critical to detect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Aryan Patil , Varad Patwardhan , Abhishek Phaltankar , Gauri Takawane , Raviraj Joshi

Dense retrieval has shown great success in passage ranking in English. However, its effectiveness in document retrieval for non-English languages remains unexplored due to the limitation in training resources. In this work, we explore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-06 Peng Shi , Rui Zhang , He Bai , Jimmy Lin

The dissemination of online hate speech can have serious negative consequences for individuals, online communities, and entire societies. This and the large volume of hateful online content prompted both practitioners', i.e., in content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Julian Bäumler , Louis Blöcher , Lars-Joel Frey , Xian Chen , Markus Bayer , Christian Reuter

In this work, we introduce BanglaBERT, a BERT-based Natural Language Understanding (NLU) model pretrained in Bangla, a widely spoken yet low-resource language in the NLP literature. To pretrain BanglaBERT, we collect 27.5 GB of Bangla…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Abhik Bhattacharjee , Tahmid Hasan , Wasi Uddin Ahmad , Kazi Samin , Md Saiful Islam , Anindya Iqbal , M. Sohel Rahman , Rifat Shahriyar

The digital age has expanded social media and online forums, allowing free expression for nearly 45% of the global population. Yet, it has also fueled online harassment, bullying, and harmful behaviors like hate speech and toxic comments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Vuong M. Ngo , Cach N. Dang , Kien V. Nguyen , Mark Roantree

Recent advancements in technology have led to a boost in social media usage which has ultimately led to large amounts of user-generated data which also includes hateful and offensive speech. The language used in social media is often a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Geet Shingi , Vedangi Wagh

This paper proposes an automatic speech recognition (ASR) model for hate speech using large language models (LLMs). The proposed method integrates the encoder of the ASR model with the decoder of the LLMs, enabling simultaneous…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-09 Ryutaro Oshima , Yuya Hosoda , Youji Iiguni

One of the most popular downstream tasks in the field of Natural Language Processing is text classification. Text classification tasks have become more daunting when the texts are code-mixed. Though they are not exposed to such text during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Md Nishat Raihan , Dhiman Goswami , Antara Mahmud

Automatic hate speech detection using deep neural models is hampered by the scarcity of labeled datasets, leading to poor generalization. To mitigate this problem, generative AI has been utilized to generate large amounts of synthetic hate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Sagi Pendzel , Tomer Wullach , Amir Adler , Einat Minkov

Dehumanization, i.e., denying human qualities to individuals or groups, is a particularly harmful form of hate speech that can normalize violence against marginalized communities. Despite advances in NLP for detecting general hate speech,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Hamidreza Saffari , Mohammadamin Shafiei , Hezhao Zhang , Lasana Harris , Nafise Sadat Moosavi

Automated hate speech detection is an important tool in combating the spread of hate speech, particularly in social media. Numerous methods have been developed for the task, including a recent proliferation of deep-learning based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Jitendra Singh Malik , Hezhe Qiao , Guansong Pang , Anton van den Hengel

Racism is an alarming phenomenon in our country as well as all over the world. Every day we have come across some racist comments in our daily life and virtual life. Though we can eradicate this racism from virtual life (such as Social…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-31 S. S. Saruar , Nusrat , Sadia

Social media platforms are critical spaces for public discourse, shaping opinions and community dynamics, yet their widespread use has amplified harmful content, particularly hate speech, threatening online safety and inclusivity. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Muhammad Usman , Muhammad Ahmad , M. Shahiki Tash , Irina Gelbukh , Rolando Quintero Tellez , Grigori Sidorov