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A foundational requirement of a deployed ML model is to generalize to data drawn from a testing distribution that is different from training. A popular solution to this problem is to adapt a pre-trained model to novel domains using only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Kowshik Thopalli , Pavan Turaga , Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan

Models should be able to adapt to unseen data during test-time to avoid performance drops caused by inevitable distribution shifts in real-world deployment scenarios. In this work, we tackle the practical yet challenging test-time…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Yunhe Gao , Xingjian Shi , Yi Zhu , Hao Wang , Zhiqiang Tang , Xiong Zhou , Mu Li , Dimitris N. Metaxas

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims at adapting a model pre-trained on the labeled source domain to the unlabeled target domain. Existing methods usually focus on improving TTA performance under covariate shifts, while neglecting semantic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Zhengqing Gao , Xu-Yao Zhang , Cheng-Lin Liu

Electroencephalography (EEG) foundation models have shown strong potential for learning generalizable representations from large-scale neural data, yet their clinical deployment is hindered by distribution shifts across clinical settings,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Gabriel Jason Lee , Jathurshan Pradeepkumar , Jimeng Sun

On-device adapting to continual, unpredictable domain shifts is essential for mobile applications like autonomous driving and augmented reality to deliver seamless user experiences in evolving environments. Test-time adaptation (TTA)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Cheng Fang , Sicong Liu , Zimu Zhou , Bin Guo , Jiaqi Tang , Ke Ma , Zhiwen Yu

Current visual detectors, though impressive within their training distribution, often fail to parse out-of-distribution scenes into their constituent entities. Recent test-time adaptation methods use auxiliary self-supervised losses to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Mihir Prabhudesai , Anirudh Goyal , Sujoy Paul , Sjoerd van Steenkiste , Mehdi S. M. Sajjadi , Gaurav Aggarwal , Thomas Kipf , Deepak Pathak , Katerina Fragkiadaki

Test-time Adaptation (TTA) adapts a given model to testing domain data with potential domain shifts through online unsupervised learning, yielding impressive performance. However, to date, existing TTA methods primarily focus on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Chang'an Yi , Xiaohui Deng , Guohao Chen , Yan Zhou , Qinghua Lu , Shuaicheng Niu

Adversarial examples are a pervasive phenomenon of machine learning models where seemingly imperceptible perturbations to the input lead to misclassifications for otherwise statistically accurate models. We propose a geometric framework,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-06 Marc Khoury , Dylan Hadfield-Menell

Test-time adaptation (TTA) seeks to tackle potential distribution shifts between training and testing data by adapting a given model w.r.t. any testing sample. This task is particularly important for deep models when the test environment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Shuaicheng Niu , Jiaxiang Wu , Yifan Zhang , Yaofo Chen , Shijian Zheng , Peilin Zhao , Mingkui Tan

Deep neural networks have useful applications in many different tasks, however their performance can be severely affected by changes in the data distribution. For example, in the biomedical field, their performance can be affected by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Pedro Vianna , Muawiz Chaudhary , Paria Mehrbod , An Tang , Guy Cloutier , Guy Wolf , Michael Eickenberg , Eugene Belilovsky

Test-time adaptation (TTA) adapts the pre-trained models to test distributions during the inference phase exclusively employing unlabeled test data streams, which holds great value for the deployment of models in real-world applications.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Shuang Li , Longhui Yuan , Binhui Xie , Tao Yang

Topological maps are more suitable than metric maps for robotic exploration tasks. However, real-time updating of accurate and detail-rich environmental topological maps remains a challenge. This paper presents a topological map updating…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Yanbin Li , Canran Xiao , Shenghai Yuan , Peilai Yu , Ziruo Li , Zhiguo Zhang , Wenzheng Chi , Wei Zhang

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has recently shown strong performance in post-training large language models and vision-language models. It raises a question of whether the GRPO also significantly promotes the test-time adaptation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Yujun Li , Hongyuan Zhang , Yuan Yuan

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to improve model generalizability when test data diverges from training distribution, offering the distinct advantage of not requiring access to training data and processes, especially valuable in the context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Yige Yuan , Bingbing Xu , Liang Hou , Fei Sun , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

The enhanced representational power and broad applicability of deep learning models have attracted significant interest from the research community in recent years. However, these models often struggle to perform effectively under domain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Ba Hung Ngo , Doanh C. Bui , Nhat-Tuong Do-Tran , Tae Jong Choi

Real-world deployment often exposes models to distribution shifts, making test-time adaptation (TTA) critical for robustness. Yet most TTA methods are unfriendly to edge deployment, as they rely on backpropagation, activation buffering, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Xinyu Luo , Jie Liu , Kecheng Chen , Junyi Yang , Bo Ding , Arindam Basu , Haoliang Li

Text understanding often suffers from domain shifts. To handle testing domains, domain adaptation (DA) is trained to adapt to a fixed and observed testing domain; a more challenging paradigm, test-time adaptation (TTA), cannot access the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Tianlun Liu , Zhiliang Tian , Zhen Huang , Xingzhi Zhou , Wanlong Yu , Tianle Liu , Feng Liu , Dongsheng Li

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has increasingly been an important topic to efficiently tackle the cross-domain distribution shift at test time for medical images from different institutions. Previous TTA methods have a common limitation of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Hongzheng Yang , Cheng Chen , Meirui Jiang , Quande Liu , Jianfeng Cao , Pheng Ann Heng , Qi Dou

Deep learning has been used as a powerful tool for various tasks in computer vision, such as image segmentation, object recognition and data generation. A key part of end-to-end training is designing the appropriate encoder to extract…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-27 Qing Fang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to improve model robustness under distribution shifts by adapting to unlabeled test data, but most existing methods rely on backpropagation (BP), which is computationally costly and incompatible with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Ronghao Zhang , Shuaicheng Niu , Qi Deng , Yanjie Dong , Jian Chen , Runhao Zeng
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