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Accurately estimating semantic aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties in large language models (LLMs) is particularly challenging in free-form question answering (QA), where obtaining stable estimates often requires many expensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Ji Won Park , Kyunghyun Cho

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in clinical applications through prompt engineering, allowing flexible clinical predictions. However, they struggle to produce reliable prediction probabilities, which are crucial for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Bowen Gu , Rishi J. Desai , Kueiyu Joshua Lin , Jie Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown great potential in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, recent literature reveals that LLMs generate nonfactual responses intermittently, which impedes the LLMs' reliability for further…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Yukun Zhao , Lingyong Yan , Weiwei Sun , Guoliang Xing , Chong Meng , Shuaiqiang Wang , Zhicong Cheng , Zhaochun Ren , Dawei Yin

Prediction sets provide a theoretically grounded framework for quantifying uncertainty in machine learning models. Adapting them to structured generation tasks, in particular, large language model (LLM) based code generation, remains a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Senrong Xu , Yuhao Tan , Yanke Zhou , Guangyuan Wu , Zenan Li , Yuan Yao , Taolue Chen , Feng Xu , Xiaoxing Ma

While the recently introduced Tree of Thoughts (ToT) has heralded advancements in allowing Large Language Models (LLMs) to reason through foresight and backtracking for global decision-making, it has overlooked the inherent local…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Shentong Mo , Miao Xin

Large pre-trained language models (LMs) have been shown to perform surprisingly well when fine-tuned on tasks that require commonsense and world knowledge. However, in end-to-end architectures, it is difficult to explain what is the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Veronica Latcinnik , Jonathan Berant

Language modeling has shifted in recent years from a distribution over strings to prediction models with textual inputs and outputs for general-purpose tasks. This position paper highlights the often overlooked implications of this shift…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Eitan Wagner , Omri Abend

We explore uncertainty quantification in large language models (LLMs), with the goal to identify when uncertainty in responses given a query is large. We simultaneously consider both epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties, where the former…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Yasin Abbasi Yadkori , Ilja Kuzborskij , András György , Csaba Szepesvári

Mathematical reasoning tasks pose significant challenges for large language models (LLMs) because they require precise logical deduction and sequence analysis. In this work, we introduce the concept of critical tokens -- elements within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Zicheng Lin , Tian Liang , Jiahao Xu , Qiuzhi Lin , Xing Wang , Ruilin Luo , Chufan Shi , Siheng Li , Yujiu Yang , Zhaopeng Tu

Model interpretability methods are often used to explain NLP model decisions on tasks such as text classification, where the output space is relatively small. However, when applied to language generation, where the output space often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Kayo Yin , Graham Neubig

In recent years, large-scale language models (LLMs) have gained attention for their impressive text generation capabilities. However, these models often face the challenge of "hallucination," which undermines their reliability. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yuchen Yang , Houqiang Li , Yanfeng Wang , Yu Wang

Future self-adaptive robots are expected to operate in highly dynamic environments while effectively managing uncertainties. However, identifying the sources and impacts of uncertainties in such robotic systems and defining appropriate…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Hassan Sartaj , Jalil Boudjadar , Mirgita Frasheri , Shaukat Ali , Peter Gorm Larsen

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly solve difficult problems by producing "reasoning traces" before emitting a final response. However, it remains unclear how accuracy and decision commitment evolve along a reasoning trajectory, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Marthe Ballon , Brecht Verbeken , Vincent Ginis , Andres Algaba

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for factual question-answering, it becomes more important for LLMs to have the capability to communicate the likelihood that their answer is correct. For these verbalized expressions of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Sophia Hager , David Mueller , Kevin Duh , Nicholas Andrews

Empowering large language models to accurately express confidence in their answers is essential for trustworthy decision-making. Previous confidence elicitation methods, which primarily rely on white-box access to internal model information…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Miao Xiong , Zhiyuan Hu , Xinyang Lu , Yifei Li , Jie Fu , Junxian He , Bryan Hooi

Generative Pretrained Transformers (GPTs) are foundational Large Language Models (LLMs) for text generation. However, individual LLMs often produce inconsistent outputs and exhibit biases, limiting their representation of diverse language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Mari Ashiga , Wei Jie , Fan Wu , Vardan Voskanyan , Fateme Dinmohammadi , Paul Brookes , Jingzhi Gong , Zheng Wang

This research investigates prompt designs of evaluating generated texts using large language models (LLMs). While LLMs are increasingly used for scoring various inputs, creating effective prompts for open-ended text evaluation remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-28 KuanChao Chu , Yi-Pei Chen , Hideki Nakayama

LLMs show strong performance in code generation, but their outputs lack correctness guarantees. Sample-based uncertainty estimators address this by generating multiple candidate programs and measuring their disagreement. However, existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Weilin He , Arindam Sharma , Cristina David

Researchers face a critical choice: how to use -- or not use -- large language models in their work. Using them well requires understanding the mechanisms that shape what LLMs can and cannot do. This chapter makes LLMs comprehensible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Daniele Barolo

Large Language Models often achieve strong performance by generating long intermediate chain-of-thought reasoning. However, it remains unclear when a model's final answer is actually determined during generation. If the answer is already…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Ayan Datta , Zhixue Zhao , Bhuvanesh Verma , Radhika Mamidi , Mounika Marreddy , Alexander Mehler