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This paper studies the original discrete-time denoising diffusion probabilistic model (DDPM) from a probabilistic point of view. We present three main theoretical results. First, we show that the time-dependent score function associated…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Yumiharu Nakano

Diffusion models are gaining widespread use in cutting-edge image, video, and audio generation. Score-based diffusion models stand out among these methods, necessitating the estimation of score function of the input data distribution. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Fangzhao Zhang , Mert Pilanci

We propose to solve inverse problems involving the temporal evolution of physics systems by leveraging recent advances from diffusion models. Our method moves the system's current state backward in time step by step by combining an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Benjamin J. Holzschuh , Simona Vegetti , Nils Thuerey

Diffusion models achieve state-of-the-art performance in various generation tasks. However, their theoretical foundations fall far behind. This paper studies score approximation, estimation, and distribution recovery of diffusion models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Minshuo Chen , Kaixuan Huang , Tuo Zhao , Mengdi Wang

Reversing a diffusion process by learning its score forms the heart of diffusion-based generative modeling and for estimating properties of scientific systems. The diffusion processes that are tractable center on linear processes with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Raghav Singhal , Mark Goldstein , Rajesh Ranganath

Sampling based on score diffusions has led to striking empirical results, and has attracted considerable attention from various research communities. It depends on availability of (approximate) Stein score functions for various levels of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-01-01 M. J. Wainwright

Score matching is a popular method for estimating unnormalized statistical models. However, it has been so far limited to simple, shallow models or low-dimensional data, due to the difficulty of computing the Hessian of log-density…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-28 Yang Song , Sahaj Garg , Jiaxin Shi , Stefano Ermon

Diffusion models are commonly interpreted as learning the score function, i.e., the gradient of the log-density of noisy data. However, this assumption implies that the target of learning is a conservative vector field, which is not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 An B. Vuong , Michael T. McCann , Javier E. Santos , Yen Ting Lin

We propose a framework to perform Bayesian inference using conditional score-based diffusion models to solve a class of inverse problems in mechanics involving the inference of a specimen's spatially varying material properties from noisy…

We define a broader family of corruption processes that generalizes previously known diffusion models. To reverse these general diffusions, we propose a new objective called Soft Score Matching that provably learns the score function for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Giannis Daras , Mauricio Delbracio , Hossein Talebi , Alexandros G. Dimakis , Peyman Milanfar

Diffusion models have achieved state-of-the-art performance, demonstrating remarkable generalisation capabilities across diverse domains. However, the mechanisms underpinning these strong capabilities remain only partially understood. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Tyler Farghly , Peter Potaptchik , Samuel Howard , George Deligiannidis , Jakiw Pidstrigach

Score-based diffusion generative models have recently emerged as a powerful tool for modelling complex data distributions. These models aim at learning the score function, which defines a map from a known probability distribution to the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-12 Ehsan Mirafzali , Frank Proske , Utkarsh Gupta , Daniele Venturi , Razvan Marinescu

This paper explores the use of score-based diffusion models for Bayesian image reconstruction. Diffusion models are an efficient tool for generative modeling. Diffusion models can also be used for solving image reconstruction problems. We…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-06 Michael T. McCann , Hyungjin Chung , Jong Chul Ye , Marc L. Klasky

Diffusion models have recently emerged as a powerful framework for generative modeling. They consist of a forward process that perturbs input data with Gaussian white noise and a reverse process that learns a score function to generate…

Score-based generative models (SGMs) are powerful tools to sample from complex data distributions. Their underlying idea is to (i) run a forward process for time $T_1$ by adding noise to the data, (ii) estimate its score function, and (iii)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Francesco Pedrotti , Jan Maas , Marco Mondelli

Score-based diffusion models are a highly effective method for generating samples from a distribution of images. We consider scenarios where the training data comes from a noisy version of the target distribution, and present an efficiently…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-30 Dennis Elbrächter , Giovanni S. Alberti , Matteo Santacesaria

Diffusion models have recently achieved remarkable success in generative modeling, yet they are commonly formulated as black-box stochastic systems with limited interpretability and few structural guarantees. In this paper, we establish a…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2026-01-13 Majid Darehmiraki

Conventional score-based diffusion models (DMs) may struggle with anisotropic Gaussian diffusion processes due to the required inversion of covariance matrices in the denoising score matching training objective…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-18 Jeffrey Alido , Tongyu Li , Yu Sun , Lei Tian

We propose score dynamics (SD), a general framework for learning accelerated evolution operators with large timesteps from molecular-dynamics simulations. SD is centered around scores, or derivatives of the transition log-probability with…

Computational Physics · Physics 2024-03-08 Tim Hsu , Babak Sadigh , Vasily Bulatov , Fei Zhou

It is well known that training a denoising score-based diffusion models requires tens of thousands of epochs and a substantial number of image data to train the model. In this paper, we propose to increase the efficiency in training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Andrew S. Na , William Gao , Justin W. L. Wan