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As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to be increasingly applied across various domains, their widespread adoption necessitates rigorous monitoring to prevent unintended negative consequences and ensure robustness. Furthermore, LLMs must…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Seshu Tirupathi , Dhaval Salwala , Elizabeth Daly , Inge Vejsbjerg

The indexing-retrieval-generation paradigm of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has been highly successful in solving knowledge-intensive tasks by integrating external knowledge into large language models (LLMs). However, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Xun Liang , Simin Niu , Zhiyu Li , Sensen Zhang , Hanyu Wang , Feiyu Xiong , Jason Zhaoxin Fan , Bo Tang , Shichao Song , Mengwei Wang , Jiawei Yang

Large Language Model (LLM) safety guardrail models have emerged as a primary defense mechanism against harmful content generation, yet their robustness against sophisticated adversarial attacks remains poorly characterized. This study…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Richard J. Young

Large Language Models (LLMs) are susceptible to adversarial attacks such as jailbreaking, which can elicit harmful or unsafe behaviors. This vulnerability is exacerbated in multilingual settings, where multilingual safety-aligned data is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Yahan Yang , Soham Dan , Shuo Li , Dan Roth , Insup Lee

Guardian models play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and ethical behavior of user-facing AI applications by enforcing guardrails and detecting harmful content. While standard guardian models are limited to predefined, static harm…

While large language models (LLMs) present significant potential for supporting numerous real-world applications and delivering positive social impacts, they still face significant challenges in terms of the inherent risk of privacy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Huandong Wang , Wenjie Fu , Yingzhou Tang , Zhilong Chen , Yuxi Huang , Jinghua Piao , Chen Gao , Fengli Xu , Tao Jiang , Yong Li

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing (NLP), enabling applications from content generation to decision support. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves LLMs by incorporating external knowledge but…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Zirui Cheng , Jikai Sun , Anjun Gao , Yueyang Quan , Zhuqing Liu , Xiaohua Hu , Minghong Fang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) significantly mitigates the hallucinations and domain knowledge deficiency in large language models by incorporating external knowledge bases. However, the multi-module architecture of RAG introduces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yanming Mu , Hao Hu , Feiyang Li , Qiao Yuan , Jiang Wu , Zichuan Liu , Pengcheng Liu , Mei Wang , Hongwei Zhou , Yuling Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are useful tools with the capacity for performing specific types of knowledge work at an effective scale. However, LLM deployments in high-risk and safety-critical domains pose unique challenges, notably the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Joe B Hakim , Jeffery L Painter , Darmendra Ramcharran , Vijay Kara , Greg Powell , Paulina Sobczak , Chiho Sato , Andrew Bate , Andrew Beam

Most prior safety research of large language models (LLMs) has focused on enhancing the alignment of LLMs to better suit the safety requirements of humans. However, internalizing such safeguard features into larger models brought challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Ohjoon Kwon , Donghyeon Jeon , Nayoung Choi , Gyu-Hwung Cho , Changbong Kim , Hyunwoo Lee , Inho Kang , Sun Kim , Taiwoo Park

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems offer a powerful approach to enhancing large language model (LLM) outputs by incorporating fact-checked, contextually relevant information. However, fairness and reliability concerns persist, as…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Xuyang Zhu , Sejoon Chang , Andrew Kuik

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is an emerging approach in natural language processing that combines large language models (LLMs) with external document retrieval to produce more accurate and grounded responses. While RAG has shown…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Atousa Arzanipour , Rouzbeh Behnia , Reza Ebrahimi , Kaushik Dutta

With the widespread application of Large Language Models (LLMs), their associated security issues have become increasingly prominent, severely constraining their trustworthy deployment in critical domains. This paper proposes a novel safety…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Qi Li , Jianjun Xu , Pingtao Wei , Jiu Li , Peiqiang Zhao , Jiwei Shi , Xuan Zhang , Yanhui Yang , Xiaodong Hui , Peng Xu , Wenqin Shao

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in many NLP tasks but remain prone to hallucinations, limiting trust in real-world applications. We present HalluGuard, a 4B-parameter Small Reasoning Model (SRM) for mitigating hallucinations in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Loris Bergeron , Ioana Buhnila , Jérôme François , Radu State

The rapid advancement and deployment of AI systems have created an urgent need for standard safety-evaluation frameworks. This paper introduces AILuminate v1.0, the first comprehensive industry-standard benchmark for assessing AI-product…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Shaona Ghosh , Heather Frase , Adina Williams , Sarah Luger , Paul Röttger , Fazl Barez , Sean McGregor , Kenneth Fricklas , Mala Kumar , Quentin Feuillade--Montixi , Kurt Bollacker , Felix Friedrich , Ryan Tsang , Bertie Vidgen , Alicia Parrish , Chris Knotz , Eleonora Presani , Jonathan Bennion , Marisa Ferrara Boston , Mike Kuniavsky , Wiebke Hutiri , James Ezick , Malek Ben Salem , Rajat Sahay , Sujata Goswami , Usman Gohar , Ben Huang , Supheakmungkol Sarin , Elie Alhajjar , Canyu Chen , Roman Eng , Kashyap Ramanandula Manjusha , Virendra Mehta , Eileen Long , Murali Emani , Natan Vidra , Benjamin Rukundo , Abolfazl Shahbazi , Kongtao Chen , Rajat Ghosh , Vithursan Thangarasa , Pierre Peigné , Abhinav Singh , Max Bartolo , Satyapriya Krishna , Mubashara Akhtar , Rafael Gold , Cody Coleman , Luis Oala , Vassil Tashev , Joseph Marvin Imperial , Amy Russ , Sasidhar Kunapuli , Nicolas Miailhe , Julien Delaunay , Bhaktipriya Radharapu , Rajat Shinde , Tuesday , Debojyoti Dutta , Declan Grabb , Ananya Gangavarapu , Saurav Sahay , Agasthya Gangavarapu , Patrick Schramowski , Stephen Singam , Tom David , Xudong Han , Priyanka Mary Mammen , Tarunima Prabhakar , Venelin Kovatchev , Rebecca Weiss , Ahmed Ahmed , Kelvin N. Manyeki , Sandeep Madireddy , Foutse Khomh , Fedor Zhdanov , Joachim Baumann , Nina Vasan , Xianjun Yang , Carlos Mougn , Jibin Rajan Varghese , Hussain Chinoy , Seshakrishna Jitendar , Manil Maskey , Claire V. Hardgrove , Tianhao Li , Aakash Gupta , Emil Joswin , Yifan Mai , Shachi H Kumar , Cigdem Patlak , Kevin Lu , Vincent Alessi , Sree Bhargavi Balija , Chenhe Gu , Robert Sullivan , James Gealy , Matt Lavrisa , James Goel , Peter Mattson , Percy Liang , Joaquin Vanschoren

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has significantly enhanced the factual accuracy and domain adaptability of Large Language Models (LLMs). This advancement has enabled their widespread deployment across sensitive domains such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Hongwei Yao , Haoran Shi , Yidou Chen , Yixin Jiang , Cong Wang , Zhan Qin

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in safety-critical applications, robust content moderation becomes essential. We present a comprehensive evaluation of 14 open-source safety guard models on a curated benchmark of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Reetu Raj Harsh , Bhaskarjit Sarmah , Stefano Pasquali

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems enhance Large Language Models (LLMs) by retrieving relevant documents from external corpora before generating responses. This approach significantly expands LLM capabilities by leveraging vast,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Haowei Wang , Rupeng Zhang , Junjie Wang , Mingyang Li , Yuekai Huang , Dandan Wang , Qing Wang

Safeguarding large language models (LLMs) against unsafe or adversarial behavior is critical as they are increasingly deployed in conversational and agentic settings. Existing moderation tools often treat safety risks (e.g. toxicity, bias)…

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