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Long-term precise timing of Galactic millisecond pulsars holds great promise for measuring the long-period (months-to-years) astrophysical gravitational waves. Several gravitational-wave observational programs, called Pulsar Timing Arrays…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Rutger van Haasteren , Yuri Levin , Patrick McDonald , Tingting Lu

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are Galactic-scale nanohertz-frequency gravitational wave (GW) detectors. Recently, several PTAs have found evidence for the presence of GWs in their datasets, but none of them have achieved a community-defined…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-10-06 Pratyasha Gitika , Ryan M. Shannon , Matthew Bailes , Daniel J. Reardon , Matthew T. Miles , David J. Champion , Kathrin Grunthal

The sensitivity of ongoing searches for gravitational wave (GW) sources in the ultra-low frequency regime ($10^{-9}$ Hz to $10^{-7}$ Hz) using Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) will continue to increase in the future as more well-timed pulsars…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-07-22 Yi-Qian Qian , Soumya D. Mohanty , Yan Wang

We demonstrate how pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) can, in principle, yield a purely gravitational wave (GW) measurement of the luminosity distance and comoving distance to a supermassive black hole binary source, hence providing an estimate of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-09-15 Daniel J. D'Orazio , Abraham Loeb

Pulsar timing arrays aim to detect nanohertz-frequency gravitational waves (GWs). A background of GWs modulates pulsar arrival times and manifests as a stochastic process, common to all pulsars, with a signature spatial correlation. Here we…

Supermassive black hole binaries are the strongest gravitational wave sources in the universe. The systems most likely to be observed with pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) will have particularly high masses ($\gtrsim 10^9 M_\odot$), long periods…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2014-11-17 Jeremy D. Schnittman

Pulsar-timing arrays (PTAs) are in the near future expected to detect a stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB) produced by a population of inspiralling super-massive black hole binaries. In this work, we consider a background that…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-07-20 Gabriela Sato-Polito , Marc Kamionkowski

The direct detection of Gravitational Waves (GWs) by Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) is very likely within the next decade. While the stochastic GW background is a promising candidate for detection it is also possible that single resolvable…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-15 Justin Ellis

Pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations in North America, Australia, and Europe, have been exploiting the exquisite timing precision of millisecond pulsars over decades of observations to search for correlated timing deviations induced by…

Pulsar Timing Arrays are playing a crucial role in the ongoing gravitational wave astronomy revolution. The current evidence for a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) at nHz frequencies offers an opportunity to discover…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-07 Chiara Cecchini , Gabriele Franciolini , Mauro Pieroni

In Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) data analysis, noise is typically assumed to be Gaussian, and the marginalized likelihood has a well-established analytical form derived within the framework of Gaussian processes. However, this Gaussianity…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-30 Mikel Falxa , Alberto Sesana

Massive black holes (MBHs) exist in the Galactic center (GC) and other nearby galactic nuclei. As natural outcome of galaxy mergers, some MBHs may have a black hole (BH) companion. In this paper, assuming that the MBHs in the GC and some…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-11-22 Xiao Guo , Qingjuan Yu , Youjun Lu

We consider the information that can be derived about massive black-hole binary populations and their formation history solely from current and possible future pulsar timing array (PTA) results. We use models of the stochastic…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-11-11 Hannah Middleton , Walter Del Pozzo , Will M. Farr , Alberto Sesana , Alberto Vecchio

We present an analytic model to describe the supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) merger rate in the Universe with astrophysical observables: galaxy stellar mass function, pair fraction, merger timescale and black hole - host galaxy…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-07-25 Siyuan Chen , Alberto Sesana , Christopher J. Conselice

The anticipated discovery of a pulsar in orbit with a black hole is expected to provide a unique laboratory for black hole physics and gravity. In this context, the next generation of radio telescopes, like the Five-hundred-metre Aperture…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-06-22 K. Liu , R. P. Eatough , N. Wex , M. Kramer

Context. The early phase of the coalescence of supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries from their host galaxies provides a guaranteed source of low-frequency (nHz-$\mu$Hz) gravitational wave (GW) radiation by pulsar timing observations.…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2012-03-28 Jinzhong Liu , Yu Zhang , Hailong Zhang , Yutao Sun , Na Wang

In this work, we assess the sensitivity reach of pulsar timing array (PTA) measurements to probe pointlike primordial black holes (PBHs), with an extended mass distribution, which originate from collapsed Fermi balls that are formed through…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-07-13 Jan Tristram Acuña , Po-Yan Tseng

Direct detection of low-frequency gravitational waves ($10^{-9} - 10^{-8}$ Hz) is the main goal of pulsar timing array (PTA) projects. One of the main targets for the PTAs is to measure the stochastic background of gravitational waves (GWB)…

We consider the inverse problem in pulsar timing array (PTA) analysis, investigating what astrophysical information about the underlying massive black hole binary (MBHB) population can be recovered from the detection of a stochastic…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-07-12 Siyuan Chen , Hannah Middleton , Alberto Sesana , Walter Del Pozzo , Alberto Vecchio