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Electroencephalography (EEG) has become one of the key modalities underpinning brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) due to its high temporal resolution, rapid responsiveness, non-invasiveness, low cost, and portability. However, EEG signals are…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-17 Yihang Dong , Changhong Jing , Shuqiang Wang

Cross-subject electroencephalography (EEG) decoding remains a fundamental challenge in brain-computer interface (BCI) research due to substantial inter-subject variability and the scarcity of subject-invariant representations. This paper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Changhong Jing , Yan Liu , Shuqiang Wang , Bruce X. B. Yu , Gong Chen , Zhejing Hu , Zhi Zhang , Yanyan Shen

The current electroencephalogram (EEG) based deep learning models are typically designed for specific datasets and applications in brain-computer interaction (BCI), limiting the scale of the models and thus diminishing their perceptual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Wei-Bang Jiang , Li-Ming Zhao , Bao-Liang Lu

Electroencephalography (EEG) signals provide critical insights for applications in disease diagnosis and healthcare. However, the scarcity of labeled EEG data poses a significant challenge. Foundation models offer a promising solution by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Limin Wang , Toyotaro Suzumura , Hiroki Kanezashi

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a vital tool to measure and record brain activity in neuroscience and clinical applications, yet its potential is constrained by signal heterogeneity, low signal-to-noise ratios, and limited labeled datasets.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Enze Shi , Kui Zhao , Qilong Yuan , Jiaqi Wang , Huawen Hu , Sigang Yu , Shu Zhang

Scaling EEG foundation models requires pooling data across heterogeneous electrode montages, a prerequisite both for larger pretraining corpora and for downstream deployment. We present the first systematic comparison of four channel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Kuntal Kokate , Bruno Aristimunha , Dung Truong , Arnaud Delorme

Electroencephalography (EEG) provides real-time insights into brain activity and supports diverse applications in neuroscience. While EEG foundation models (EFMs) have emerged to address the scalability issues of task-specific models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jingying Ma , Feng Wu , Qika Lin , Yucheng Xing , Chenyu Liu , Ziyu Jia , Mengling Feng

While electroencephalography (EEG) has been a popular modality for neural decoding, it often involves task specific acquisition of the EEG data. This poses challenges for the development of a unified pipeline to learn embeddings for various…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Pushapdeep Singh , Jyoti Nigam , Medicherla Vamsi Krishna , Arnav Bhavsar , Aditya Nigam

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a widely used non-invasive technique for monitoring brain activity, but low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) due to various artifacts often compromise its utility. Conventional artifact removal methods require…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-06 Shantanu Sarkar , Piotr Nabrzyski , Saurabh Prasad , Jose Luis Contreras-Vidal

Electrocardiogram (ECG) is widely used in healthcare applications, such as arrhythmia detection and sleep monitoring, making accurate ECG analysis critically essential. Traditional deep learning models for ECG are task-specific, with…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-14 Yu Han , Vittorio Murino , Xiaofeng Liu , Xiang Zhang , Cheng Ding

Foundation models for EEG analysis are still in their infancy, limited by two key challenges: (1) variability across datasets caused by differences in recording devices and configurations, and (2) the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of EEG,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Navid Mohammadi Foumani , Soheila Ghane , Nam Nguyen , Mahsa Salehi , Geoffrey I. Webb , Geoffrey Mackellar

Electroencephalography (EEG) has wide-ranging applications, from clinical diagnosis to brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). With the increasing volume and variety of EEG data, there has been growing interest in establishing foundation models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Zitao Fang , Chenxuan Li , Hongting Zhou , Shuyang Yu , Guodong Du , Ashwaq Qasem , Yang Lu , Jing Li , Junsong Zhang , Sim Kuan Goh

Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) have become very popular with Electroencephalography (EEG) being one of the most commonly used signal acquisition techniques. A major challenge in BCI studies is the individualistic analysis required for each…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-28 Baani Leen Kaur Jolly , Palash Aggrawal , Surabhi S Nath , Viresh Gupta , Manraj Singh Grover , Rajiv Ratn Shah

Electroencephalography (EEG) stands as a crucial tool in neuroscientific research and clinical diagnostics, providing valuable insights into the electrical activities of the brain. Traditional EEG signal processing techniques, predominantly…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-01-12 Aryan Govil , Eric Yao , Christina R. Borao

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a critical, non-invasive method to monitor electrical brain activity. EEGs can span anywhere from a couple seconds to multiple hours, posing a major hurdle for existing deep learning methods due to two major…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Abhilash Durgam , Nyle Siddiqui , Jeffrey A. Chan-Santiago , Qiushi Fu , Elakkat D. Gireesh , Mubarak Shah

Accurate electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern decoding for specific mental tasks is one of the key steps for the development of brain-computer interface (BCI), which is quite challenging due to the considerably low signal-to-noise ratio of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-15 Yu Zhang , Tao Zhou , Wei Wu , Hua Xie , Hongru Zhu , Guoxu Zhou , Andrzej Cichocki

The significant inter-subject variability in electroen-cephalogram (EEG) signals often results in substantial changes to neural network weights as data distributions shift. This variability frequently causes catastrophic forgetting in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-26 Dan Li , Hye-Bin Shin , Kang Yin , Seong-Whan Lee

EEG is the most common signal source for noninvasive BCI applications. For such applications, the EEG signal needs to be decoded and translated into appropriate actions. A recently emerging EEG decoding approach is deep learning with…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-01-25 Felix A. Heilmeyer , Robin T. Schirrmeister , Lukas D. J. Fiederer , Martin Völker , Joos Behncke , Tonio Ball

Decoding human brain activity from electroencephalography (EEG) signals is a central challenge at the intersection of neuroscience and artificial intelligence, enabling diverse applications in mental state assessment, clinical monitoring,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Weiheng Lu , Zhouheng Yao , Jiamin Wu , Pengyu Zhu , Yuchen Zhou , Weijian Mai , Qihao Zheng , Wanli Ouyang , Chunfeng Song

EEG foundation models aim to learn reusable representations across heterogeneous paradigms, yet existing approaches often use uniform adaptation mechanisms and are typically reported under separate downstream fine-tuning protocols. In this…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-19 Wei Xiong , Jiangtong Li , Kun Zhu , Jie Li