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Multimodal Deep Learning enhances decision-making by integrating diverse information sources, such as texts, images, audio, and videos. To develop trustworthy multimodal approaches, it is essential to understand how uncertainty impacts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Grigor Bezirganyan , Sana Sellami , Laure Berti-Équille , Sébastien Fournier

Graded labels are ubiquitous in real-world learning-to-rank applications, especially in human rated relevance data. Traditional learning-to-rank techniques aim to optimize the ranked order of documents. They typically, however, ignore…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Le Yan , Zhen Qin , Gil Shamir , Dong Lin , Xuanhui Wang , Mike Bendersky

NLP benchmarks rely on standardized datasets for training and evaluating models and are crucial for advancing the field. Traditionally, expert annotations ensure high-quality labels; however, the cost of expert annotation does not scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Omer Nahum , Nitay Calderon , Orgad Keller , Idan Szpektor , Roi Reichart

As Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) advance, multimodal agents show promise in real-world tasks like web navigation and embodied intelligence. However, due to limitations in a lack of external feedback, these agents struggle with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Tianyi Men , Zhuoran Jin , Pengfei Cao , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Rankings derived from pairwise comparisons are central to many economic and computational systems. In the context of large language models (LLMs), rankings are typically constructed from human preference data and presented as leaderboards…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Angel Rodrigo Avelar Menendez , Yufeng Liu , Xiaowu Dai

In the recent past, a popular way of evaluating natural language understanding (NLU), was to consider a model's ability to perform natural language inference (NLI) tasks. In this paper, we investigate if NLI tasks, that are rarely used for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Lovish Madaan , David Esiobu , Pontus Stenetorp , Barbara Plank , Dieuwke Hupkes

The recent rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) highlights the critical need for benchmarking their fairness. Conventional fairness metrics, which focus on discrete accuracy-based evaluations (i.e., prediction correctness), fail…

The multi-label classification problem has generated significant interest in recent years. However, existing approaches do not adequately address two key challenges: (a) the ability to tackle problems with a large number (say millions) of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-11-26 Hsiang-Fu Yu , Prateek Jain , Purushottam Kar , Inderjit S. Dhillon

Large Language Models (LLMs) effectiveness is usually evaluated by means of benchmarks such as MMLU, ARC-C, or HellaSwag, where questions are presented in their original wording, thus in a fixed, standardized format. However, real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Riccardo Lunardi , Vincenzo Della Mea , Stefano Mizzaro , Kevin Roitero

The rapid advancement of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) has significantly enhanced performance across benchmarks. However, data contamination-unintentional memorization of benchmark data during model training-poses critical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Dingjie Song , Sicheng Lai , Mingxuan Wang , Shunian Chen , Lichao Sun , Benyou Wang

Despite achieving state-of-the-art results in nearly all Natural Language Processing applications, fine-tuning Transformer-based language models still requires a significant amount of labeled data to work. A well known technique to reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Julius Gonsior , Christian Falkenberg , Silvio Magino , Anja Reusch , Maik Thiele , Wolfgang Lehner

Recently, Large Language Models (LLM) have demonstrated impressive capability to solve a wide range of tasks. However, despite their success across various tasks, no prior work has investigated their capability in the biomedical domain yet.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Israt Jahan , Md Tahmid Rahman Laskar , Chun Peng , Jimmy Huang

Label-free model evaluation, or AutoEval, estimates model accuracy on unlabeled test sets, and is critical for understanding model behaviors in various unseen environments. In the absence of image labels, based on dataset representations,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Xiaoxiao Sun , Yunzhong Hou , Hongdong Li , Liang Zheng

Reward models (RMs) are essential for aligning large language models (LLM) with human expectations. However, existing RMs struggle to capture the stochastic and uncertain nature of human preferences and fail to assess the reliability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Xingzhou Lou , Dong Yan , Wei Shen , Yuzi Yan , Jian Xie , Junge Zhang

The rapid advancement of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has been accompanied by the development of various benchmarks to evaluate their capabilities. However, the true nature of these evaluations and the extent to which they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Botian Jiang , Lei Li , Xiaonan Li , Zhaowei Li , Xiachong Feng , Lingpeng Kong , Qi Liu , Xipeng Qiu

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved strong performance on general visual benchmarks but struggle with out-of-distribution (OOD) tasks in specialized domains such as medical imaging, where labeled data is limited and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Ci-Siang Lin , Min-Hung Chen , Yu-Yang Sheng , Yu-Chiang Frank Wang

When using large language models (LLMs) in high-stakes applications, we need to know when we can trust their predictions. Some works argue that prompting high-performance LLMs is sufficient to produce calibrated uncertainties, while others…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed to automatically label and analyze educational dialogue at scale, yet current pipelines lack reliable ways to detect when models are wrong. We investigate whether reasoning generated by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Bakhtawar Ahtisham , Kirk Vanacore , Zhuqian Zhou , Jinsook Lee , Rene F. Kizilcec

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities, yet selecting the most reliable response from multiple LLMs remains a challenge, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Existing approaches often depend on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Aakriti Agrawal , Rohith Aralikatti , Anirudh Satheesh , Souradip Chakraborty , Amrit Singh Bedi , Furong Huang

Assessing the capabilities of large multimodal models (LMMs) often requires the creation of ad-hoc evaluations. Currently, building new benchmarks requires tremendous amounts of manual work for each specific analysis. This makes the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Alessandro Conti , Enrico Fini , Paolo Rota , Yiming Wang , Massimiliano Mancini , Elisa Ricci