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Deep generative models (DGM) are neural networks with many hidden layers trained to approximate complicated, high-dimensional probability distributions using a large number of samples. When trained successfully, we can use the DGMs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Lars Ruthotto , Eldad Haber

We survey continuous-time generative modeling methods based on transporting a simple reference distribution to a data distribution via stochastic or deterministic dynamics. We present a unified framework in which diffusion models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Aditya Ranganath , Mukesh Singhal

Deep generative models aim to learn the underlying distribution of data and generate new ones. Despite the diversity of generative models and their high-quality generation performance in practice, most of them lack rigorous theoretical…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-03-26 Yang Jing , Lei Li

Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models (DDPMs) represent a contemporary class of generative models with exceptional qualities in both synthesis and maximizing the data likelihood. These models work by traversing a forward Markov Chain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Hang Li , Wei Jin , Geri Skenderi , Harry Shomer , Wenzhuo Tang , Wenqi Fan , Jiliang Tang

We study dynamic measure transport for generative modeling: specifically, flows induced by stochastic processes that bridge a specified source and target distribution. The conditional expectation of the process' velocity defines an ODE…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Panos Tsimpos , Youssef Marzouk

Diffusion models (DMs) are a powerful generative framework that have attracted significant attention in recent years. However, the high computational cost of training DMs limits their practical applications. In this paper, we start with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Tianshuo Xu , Peng Mi , Ruilin Wang , Yingcong Chen

Diffusion Probabilistic Models stand as a critical tool in generative modelling, enabling the generation of complex data distributions. This family of generative models yields record-breaking performance in tasks such as image synthesis,…

Generative models can have distinct mode of failures like mode dropping and low quality samples, which cannot be captured by a single scalar metric. To address this, recent works propose evaluating generative models using precision and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Alexandre Verine , Benjamin Negrevergne , Muni Sreenivas Pydi , Yann Chevaleyre

We present a novel method for training score-based generative models which uses nonlinear noising dynamics to improve learning of structured distributions. Generalizing to a nonlinear drift allows for additional structure to be incorporated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-10 Jeremiah Birrell , Markos A. Katsoulakis , Luc Rey-Bellet , Benjamin J. Zhang , Wei Zhu

Flow models have rapidly become the go-to method for training and deploying large-scale generators, owing their success to inference-time flexibility via adjustable integration steps. A crucial ingredient in flow training is the choice of…

Generative models are increasingly central to scientific workflows, yet their systematic use and interpretation require a proper understanding of their limitations through rigorous validation. Classic approaches struggle with scalability,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-26 Pietro Cappelli , Gaia Grosso , Marco Letizia , Humberto Reyes-González , Marco Zanetti

Denoising-based models, including diffusion and flow matching, have led to substantial advances in graph generation. Despite this progress, such models remain constrained by two fundamental limitations: a computational cost that scales…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Yoann Boget , Pablo Strasser , Alexandros Kalousis

Comprehensive evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) is an open research problem. Existing evaluations rely on deterministic point estimates generated via greedy decoding. However, we find that deterministic evaluations fail to capture…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yan Scholten , Stephan Günnemann , Leo Schwinn

Flow Matching (FM) is an effective framework for training a model to learn a vector field that transports samples from a source distribution to a target distribution. To train the model, early FM methods use random couplings, which often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Yexiong Lin , Yu Yao , Tongliang Liu

Feature transformation enhances data representation by deriving new features from the original data. Generative AI offers potential for this task, but faces challenges in stable generation (consistent outputs) and valid generation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Xinyuan Wang , Haoyue Bai , Nanxu Gong , Wangyang Ying , Sixun Dong , Xiquan Cui , Yanjie Fu

Current discriminative depth estimation methods often produce blurry artifacts, while generative approaches suffer from slow sampling due to curvatures in the noise-to-depth transport. Our method addresses these challenges by framing depth…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Ming Gui , Johannes Schusterbauer , Ulrich Prestel , Pingchuan Ma , Dmytro Kotovenko , Olga Grebenkova , Stefan Andreas Baumann , Vincent Tao Hu , Björn Ommer

Generative artificial intelligence is now a widely used tool in molecular science. Despite the popularity of probabilistic generative models, numerical experiments benchmarking their performance on molecular data are lacking. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Richard John , Lukas Herron , Pratyush Tiwary

Energy-based models for discrete domains, such as graphs, explicitly capture relative likelihoods, naturally enabling composable probabilistic inference tasks like conditional generation or enforcing constraints at test-time. However,…

Flow matching casts sample generation as learning a continuous-time velocity field that transports noise to data. Existing flow matching networks typically predict each point's velocity independently, considering only its location and time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Md Shahriar Rahim Siddiqui , Moshe Eliasof , Eldad Haber

We study the problem of training diffusion and flow generative models to sample from target distributions defined by an exponential tilting of a base density; a formulation that subsumes both sampling from unnormalized densities and reward…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-04 Carles Domingo-Enrich , Yuanqi Du , Michael S. Albergo