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Machine learning (ML) is increasingly being adopted in a wide variety of application domains. Usually, a well-performing ML model relies on a large volume of training data and high-powered computational resources. Such a need for and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Runhua Xu , Nathalie Baracaldo , James Joshi

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced capabilities in natural language processing and artificial intelligence. These models, including GPT-3.5 and LLaMA-2, have revolutionized text generation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Yunhong He , Jianling Qiu , Wei Zhang , Zhengqing Yuan

This paper examines the evolving landscape of machine learning (ML) and its profound impact across various sectors, with a special focus on the emerging field of Privacy-preserving Machine Learning (PPML). As ML applications become…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Chaoyu Zhang , Shaoyu Li

The ability of machines to comprehend and produce language that is similar to that of humans has revolutionized sectors like customer service, healthcare, and finance thanks to the quick advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP), which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Swetha S , Ram Sundhar K Shaju , Rakshana M , Ganesh R , Balavedhaa S , Thiruvaazhi U

Pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) are an integral part of modern AI that have led to breakthrough performances in complex AI tasks. Major AI companies with expensive infrastructures are able to develop and train these large models…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Rouzbeh Behnia , Mohamamdreza Ebrahimi , Jason Pacheco , Balaji Padmanabhan

Modern life has witnessed the explosion of mobile devices. However, besides the valuable features that bring convenience to end users, security and privacy risks still threaten users of mobile apps. The increasing sophistication of these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Tran Thanh Lam Nguyen , Barbara Carminati , Elena Ferrari

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities across various fields, yet their increasing use raises critical security concerns. This article reviews recent literature addressing key issues in LLM security, with a focus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Benji Peng , Keyu Chen , Ming Li , Pohsun Feng , Ziqian Bi , Junyu Liu , Xinyuan Song , Qian Niu

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and its competitors have caused a revolution in natural language processing, but their capabilities also introduce new security vulnerabilities. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Miles Q. Li , Benjamin C. M. Fung

Large language models (LLMs) show early signs of artificial general intelligence but struggle with hallucinations. One promising solution to mitigate these hallucinations is to store external knowledge as embeddings, aiding LLMs in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Zhihao Zhu , Ninglu Shao , Defu Lian , Chenwang Wu , Zheng Liu , Yi Yang , Enhong Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in sensitive domains, including healthcare, finance, and legal services, raising concerns about potential private information leaks during inference. Privacy extraction attacks, such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Jinwen He , Yiyang Lu , Zijin Lin , Kai Chen , Yue Zhao

Language model alignment is crucial for ensuring that large language models (LLMs) align with human preferences, yet it often involves sensitive user data, raising significant privacy concerns. While prior work has integrated differential…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Keyu Chen , Hao Tang , Qinglin Liu , Yizhao Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated advanced capabilities in both text generation and comprehension, and their application to data archives might facilitate the privatization of sensitive information about the data subjects. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Stefano Cirillo , Domenico Desiato , Giuseppe Polese , Monica Maria Lucia Sebillo , Giandomenico Solimando

The rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrates remarkable multilingual capabilities in natural language processing, attracting global attention in both academia and industry. To mitigate potential discrimination and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Kaiyu Huang , Fengran Mo , Xinyu Zhang , Hongliang Li , You Li , Yuanchi Zhang , Weijian Yi , Yulong Mao , Jinchen Liu , Yuzhuang Xu , Jinan Xu , Jian-Yun Nie , Yang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used for automated evaluations and explaining them. However, concerns about explanation quality, consistency, and hallucinations remain open research challenges, particularly in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Vincent Freiberger , Arthur Fleig , Erik Buchmann

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized artificial intelligence and machine learning through their advanced text processing and generating capabilities. However, their widespread deployment has raised significant safety and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Jing Cui , Yishi Xu , Zhewei Huang , Shuchang Zhou , Jianbin Jiao , Junge Zhang

While robots have previously utilized rule-based systems or probabilistic models for user interaction, the rapid evolution of large language models (LLMs) presents new opportunities to develop LLM-powered robots for enhanced human-robot…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Dakota Sullivan , Shirley Zhang , Jennica Li , Heather Kirkorian , Bilge Mutlu , Kassem Fawaz

This is the first survey of the active area of AI research that focuses on privacy issues in Large Language Models (LLMs). Specifically, we focus on work that red-teams models to highlight privacy risks, attempts to build privacy into the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Seth Neel , Peter Chang

Large language models (LLMs) are excellent few-shot learners. They can perform a wide variety of tasks purely based on natural language prompts provided to them. These prompts contain data of a specific downstream task -- often the private…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Haonan Duan , Adam Dziedzic , Mohammad Yaghini , Nicolas Papernot , Franziska Boenisch

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly popular, powering a wide range of applications. Their widespread use has sparked concerns, especially through jailbreak attacks that bypass safety measures to produce harmful content. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Zhengchun Shang , Wenlan Wei , Weiheng Bai

The widespread usage of online Large Language Models (LLMs) inference services has raised significant privacy concerns about the potential exposure of private information in user inputs to malicious eavesdroppers. Existing privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Ziqian Zeng , Jianwei Wang , Junyao Yang , Zhengdong Lu , Haoran Li , Huiping Zhuang , Cen Chen