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Recent large-scale natural language processing (NLP) systems use a pre-trained Large Language Model (LLM) on massive and diverse corpora as a headstart. In practice, the pre-trained model is adapted to a wide array of tasks via fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-12 Jimit Majmudar , Christophe Dupuy , Charith Peris , Sami Smaili , Rahul Gupta , Richard Zemel

Recently, people have suffered from LLM hallucination and have become increasingly aware of the reliability gap of LLMs in open and knowledge-intensive tasks. As a result, they have increasingly turned to search-augmented LLMs to mitigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yu Yan , Sheng Sun , Mingfeng Li , Zheming Yang , Chiwei Zhu , Fei Ma , Benfeng Xu , Min Liu , Qi Li

Recent advances in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) have enabled large language models (LLMs) to ground outputs in clinical evidence. However, connecting LLMs with external databases introduces the risk of contextual leakage: a subtle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Shaowei Guan , Yu Zhai , Hin Chi Kwok , Jiawei Du , Xinyu Feng , Jing Li , Harry Qin , Vivian Hui

The strong planning and reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have fostered the development of agent-based systems capable of leveraging external tools and interacting with increasingly complex environments. However, these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Zhun Wang , Vincent Siu , Zhe Ye , Tianneng Shi , Yuzhou Nie , Xuandong Zhao , Chenguang Wang , Wenbo Guo , Dawn Song

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) has raised concerns about their safety and reliability, particularly regarding their vulnerability to adversarial attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel perspective that attributes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Zhihui Xie , Jiahui Gao , Lei Li , Zhenguo Li , Qi Liu , Lingpeng Kong

Large Language Model (LLM) Agents have recently garnered increasing interest yet they are limited in their ability to learn from trial and error, a key element of intelligent behavior. In this work, we argue that the capacity to learn new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Haiteng Zhao , Chang Ma , Guoyin Wang , Jing Su , Lingpeng Kong , Jingjing Xu , Zhi-Hong Deng , Hongxia Yang

In today's digital world, casual user-generated content often contains subtle cues that may inadvertently expose sensitive personal attributes. Such risks underscore the growing importance of effective text anonymization to safeguard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Chenyang Shao , Tianxing Li , Chenhao Pu , Fengli Xu , Yong Li

Large language model (LLM) agents are vulnerable to prompt-injection attacks that propagate through multi-step workflows, tool interactions, and persistent context, making input-output filtering alone insufficient for reliable protection.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Hailin Liu , Eugene Ilyushin , Jie Ni , Min Zhu

Large Vision Language Models (VLMs) extend and enhance the perceptual abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). Despite offering new possibilities for LLM applications, these advancements raise significant security and ethical concerns,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Yi Liu , Chengjun Cai , Xiaoli Zhang , Xingliang Yuan , Cong Wang

Large Language Model-based Multi-Agent Systems (LLM-MAS) have revolutionized complex problem-solving capability by enabling sophisticated agent collaboration through message-based communications. While the communication framework is crucial…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Pengfei He , Yupin Lin , Shen Dong , Han Xu , Yue Xing , Hui Liu

The exploitation of large language models (LLMs) for malicious purposes poses significant security risks as these models become more powerful and widespread. While most existing red-teaming frameworks focus on single-turn attacks,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Si Chen , Xiao Yu , Ninareh Mehrabi , Rahul Gupta , Zhou Yu , Ruoxi Jia

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive results on natural language tasks, and security researchers are beginning to employ them in both offensive and defensive systems. In cyber-security, there have been multiple research…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Jiacen Xu , Jack W. Stokes , Geoff McDonald , Xuesong Bai , David Marshall , Siyue Wang , Adith Swaminathan , Zhou Li

Recent work has embodied LLMs as agents, allowing them to access tools, perform actions, and interact with external content (e.g., emails or websites). However, external content introduces the risk of indirect prompt injection (IPI)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Qiusi Zhan , Zhixiang Liang , Zifan Ying , Daniel Kang

The safety of Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial for the development of trustworthy AI applications. Existing red teaming methods often rely on seed instructions, which limits the semantic diversity of the synthesized adversarial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Muxi Diao , Yutao Mou , Keqing He , Hanbo Song , Lulu Zhao , Shikun Zhang , Wei Ye , Kongming Liang , Zhanyu Ma

Recent advancements in AI safety have led to increased efforts in training and red-teaming large language models (LLMs) to mitigate unsafe content generation. However, these safety mechanisms may not be comprehensive, leaving potential…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Emet Bethany , Mazal Bethany , Juan Arturo Nolazco Flores , Sumit Kumar Jha , Peyman Najafirad

Large-scale pre-trained generative models are taking the world by storm, due to their abilities in generating creative content. Meanwhile, safeguards for these generative models are developed, to protect users' rights and safety, most of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Guanlin Li , Kangjie Chen , Shudong Zhang , Jie Zhang , Tianwei Zhang

The growing use of large language model (LLM)-based conversational agents to manage sensitive user data raises significant privacy concerns. While these agents excel at understanding and acting on context, this capability can be exploited…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Eugene Bagdasarian , Ren Yi , Sahra Ghalebikesabi , Peter Kairouz , Marco Gruteser , Sewoong Oh , Borja Balle , Daniel Ramage

While prior red-teaming efforts have focused on eliciting harmful text outputs from large language models (LLMs), such approaches fail to capture agent-specific vulnerabilities that emerge through multi-step tool execution, particularly in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Hyomin Lee , Sangwoo Park , Yumin Choi , Sohyun An , Seanie Lee , Sung Ju Hwang

As Large Language Model (LLM) agents become more capable, their coordinated use in the form of multi-agent systems is anticipated to emerge as a practical paradigm. Prior work has examined the safety and misuse risks associated with agents.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Akshat Naik , Jay Culligan , Yarin Gal , Philip Torr , Rahaf Aljundi , Alasdair Paren , Adel Bibi

While tool learning significantly enhances the capabilities of large language models (LLMs), it also introduces substantial security risks. Prior research has revealed various vulnerabilities in traditional LLMs during tool learning.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Yifei Liu , Yu Cui , Haibin Zhang