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Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in real-world applications, yet little is known about their training dynamics at the token level. Evaluation typically relies on aggregated training loss, measured at the batch level, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Andrea Pinto , Tomer Galanti , Randall Balestriero

As the size of large language models (LLMs) continues to grow, model compression without sacrificing accuracy has become a crucial challenge for deployment. While some quantization methods, such as GPTQ, have made progress in achieving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Liang Li , Qingyuan Li , Bo Zhang , Xiangxiang Chu

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance across diverse tasks. However, these models are typically deployed with fixed weights, which limits their ability to adapt dynamically to the variability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Kamer Ali Yuksel , Hassan Sawaf

Bayesian deep learning (BDL) provides a principled framework for reliable uncertainty quantification by combining deep neural networks with Bayesian inference. A central challenge in BDL lies in the design of informative prior distributions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Pengcheng Hao , Huaze Tang , Ercan Engin Kuruoglu , Wenbo Ding

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being applied in a wide array of settings, well beyond the typical language-oriented use cases. In particular, LLMs are increasingly used as a plug-and-play method for fitting data and generating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Hejia Liu , Mochen Yang , Gediminas Adomavicius

State-of-the-art LLMs often rely on scale with high computational costs, which has sparked a research agenda to reduce parameter counts and costs without significantly impacting performance. Our study focuses on Transformer-based LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Xiuying Wei , Skander Moalla , Razvan Pascanu , Caglar Gulcehre

Learning multiple tasks sequentially requires neural networks to balance retaining knowledge, yet being flexible enough to adapt to new tasks. Regularizing network parameters is a common approach, but it rarely incorporates prior knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Joanna Sliwa , Frank Schneider , Nathanael Bosch , Agustinus Kristiadi , Philipp Hennig

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is a cost-effective way to incorporate information from a specific dataset. However, when a problem requires incorporating information from multiple datasets - as in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Liyi Zhang , Jake Snell , Thomas L. Griffiths

Large language models (LLMs) achieve remarkable advancements by leveraging tools to interact with environments, a critical step toward generalized AI. However, the standard supervised fine-tuning (SFT) approach, which relies on large-scale…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Junjie Ye , Yilong Wu , Sixian Li , Yuming Yang , Zhiheng Xi , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang , Peng Wang , Zhongchao Shi , Jianping Fan , Zhengyin Du

Prompt learning has become the most effective paradigm for adapting large pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) to downstream tasks. Recently, unsupervised prompt tuning methods, such as UPL and POUF, directly leverage pseudo-labels as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-26 Sifan Long , Linbin Wang , Zhen Zhao , Zichang Tan , Yiming Wu , Shengsheng Wang , Jingdong Wang

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit probabilistic output characteristics, yet conventional evaluation frameworks rely on deterministic scalar metrics. This study introduces a Bayesian approach for LLM capability assessment that integrates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Xiao Xiao , Yu Su , Sijing Zhang , Zhang Chen , Yadong Chen , Tian Liu

State-of-the-art neural network language models (NNLMs) represented by long short term memory recurrent neural networks (LSTM-RNNs) and Transformers are becoming highly complex. They are prone to overfitting and poor generalization when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Boyang Xue , Shoukang Hu , Junhao Xu , Mengzhe Geng , Xunying Liu , Helen Meng

The growing computational demands of training large language models (LLMs) necessitate more efficient methods. Quantized training presents a promising solution by enabling low-bit arithmetic operations to reduce these costs. While FP8…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Ruizhe Wang , Yeyun Gong , Xiao Liu , Guoshuai Zhao , Ziyue Yang , Baining Guo , Zhengjun Zha , Peng Cheng

As Large Language Models (LLMs) receive increasing attention and are being deployed across various domains, their potential risks, including generating harmful or biased content, producing unsupported claims, and exhibiting vulnerabilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Wai Man Si , Mingjie Li , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

Despite their theoretical appealingness, Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) are left behind in real-world adoption, mainly due to persistent concerns on their scalability, accessibility, and reliability. In this work, we develop the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Zhijie Deng , Jun Zhu

The Gaussian process latent variable model (GP-LVM) provides a flexible approach for non-linear dimensionality reduction that has been widely applied. However, the current approach for training GP-LVMs is based on maximum likelihood, where…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-09-09 Andreas C. Damianou , Michalis K. Titsias , Neil D. Lawrence

Large Language Models usually put more emphasis on accuracy and therefore, will guess even when not certain about the prediction, which is especially severe when fine-tuned on small datasets due to the inherent tendency toward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Moule Lin , Shuhao Guan , Andrea Patane , David Gregg , Goetz Botterweck

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in general tasks, but adapting them to specialized domains relies on high-quality supervised fine-tuning (SFT) data. Although existing methods can identify subsets of high-quality data and reduce training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Zhaoyang Shang , Sibo Wei , Jianbin Guo , Rui Zhou , Lifeng Dong , Yin Luo

A wide variety of natural language tasks are currently being addressed with large-scale language models (LLMs). These models are usually trained with a very large amount of unsupervised text data and adapted to perform a downstream natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Lautaro Estienne , Luciana Ferrer , Matías Vera , Pablo Piantanida

The massive scaling of Large Language Models (LLMs) has made pretraining increasingly cost-prohibitive. While low-rank representation and orthonormal weight matrices could in principle reduce parameter counts and computational overhead,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Kaivan Kamali , Kajetan Schweighofer , Hormoz Shahrzad , Olivier Francon , Babak Hodjat , Risto Miikkulainen