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Movable antenna (MA) has been recognized as a promising technology to improve communication performance in future wireless networks such as 6G. To unleash its potential, this paper proposes a novel architecture, namely extremely large-scale…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Min Fu , Lipeng Zhu , Rui Zhang

Ray antenna array (RAA) was recently proposed as a novel multi-antenna architecture that arranges multiple massive cheap antenna elements into simple uniform linear arrays (sULAs) with different orientations. Compared with traditional…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-09 Xuancheng Zhu , Zhiwen Zhou , Yong Zeng

This paper investigates coordinated beamforming using a modular linear array (MLA), composed of a pair of physically separated uniform linear arrays (ULAs), treated as sub-arrays. We focus on how such setups can give rise to near-field…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-05 Alva Kosasih , Özlem Tugfe Demir , Emil Björnson

Mobile communication networks were designed to mainly support ubiquitous wireless communications, yet they are also expected to achieve radio sensing capabilities in the near future. However, most prior studies on radio sensing usually rely…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Huizhi Wang , Zhiqiang Xiao , Yong Zeng

The use of multiantenna technologies in the near field offers the possibility of focusing the energy in spatial regions rather than just in angle. The objective of this paper is to provide a formal framework that allows to establish the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Xavier Mestre , Adrian Agustin

This work conceives a Ring-Bayes channel learning framework that unifies Bayesian learning with near-field channel estimation in millimeter-wave (mmWave) hybrid MIMO systems. As the number of antennas scales up, users increasingly fall…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-08 Abhisha Garg , Priya Gupta , Suraj Srivastava , Aditya Jagannatham

This paper studies a near-field integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system with extremely large-scale antenna array (ELAA), in which a base station (BS) deployed with enormous number of antennas transmits wireless signals to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-25 Haocheng Hua , Jie Xu , Rui Zhang

The deployment of extremely large-scale array (ELAA) brings higher spectral efficiency and spatial degree of freedom, but triggers issues on near-field channel estimation. Existing near-field channel estimation schemes primarily exploit…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-19 Zhiming Zhu , Shu Xu , Jiexin Zhang , Chunguo Li , Yongming Huang , Luxi Yang

Approximate expressions for the spatial correlation of cylindrical and uniform rectangular arrays (URA) are derived using measured distributions of angles of departure (AOD) for both the azimuth and zenith domains. We examine massive…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-04 Callum T. Neil , Mansoor Shafi , Peter J. Smith , Pawel A. Dmochowski

One of the most relevant challenges in future 6G wireless networks is how to support a massive spatial multiplexing of a large number of user terminals. Recently, extremely large antenna arrays (ELAAs), also referred to as extra-large MIMO…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Adrian Agustin , Xavier Mestre

With the development of 6G technologies, traditional uniform linear arrays (ULAs) and uniform planar arrays (UPAs) can hardly meet the demands of three-dimensional (3D) full-space coverage and high angular resolution. Spherical antenna…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-09 Cunhua Pan , Xianzhe Chen , Hong Ren , Jiangzhou Wang

The extremely short wavelength of terahertz (THz) communications leads to an extended radiative near-field region, in which some canonical far-field assumptions fail. Existing near-field boundary formulations (Fraunhofer distance) for…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Peng Zhang , Vitaly Petrov , Emil Björnson

6G networks will need to support higher data rates, high-precision localization, and imaging capabilities. Near-field technologies, enabled by extremely large-scale (XL)-arrays, are expected to be essential physical-layer solutions to meet…

The number of users that can be spatially multiplexed by a wireless access point depends on the aperture of its antenna array. When the aperture increases and wavelength shrinks, "new" electromagnetic phenomena can be utilized to further…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Parisa Ramezani , Emil Björnson

A novel uniform circular array (UCA) based near-field (NF) integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) framework is proposed, where the Cylindrical coordinate is invoked to evaluate the joint positioning performance. The joint squared…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-03 Na Xue , Xidong Mu , Yue Chen , Yuanwei Liu

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with the intrinsic three-dimensional (3D) mobility provides an ideal platform for implementing aerial movable antenna (AMA) system enabled by UAV swarm cooperation. Besides, AMA system is readily to achieve an…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Haiquan Lu , Chao Feng , Yong Zeng , Shaodan Ma , Long Shi , Shi Jin , Rui Zhang

Extremely large-scale multiple-input multipleoutput (XL-MIMO) is believed to be a cornerstone of sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. XL-MIMO uses more antennas to both achieve unprecedented spatial degrees of freedom (DoFs) and exploit…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-16 Hao Lei , Jiayi Zhang , Zhe Wang , Huahua Xiao , Bo Ai , Emil Björnson

Extremely large-scale antenna arrays (ELAAs) have emerged as a pivotal technology for addressing the unprecedented performance demands of next-generation wireless communication systems. To enhance their practicality, we propose…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Zhengyu Wang , Tiebin Mi , Gui Zhou , Robert C. Qiu

High-frequency communication systems bring extremely large aperture arrays (ELAA) and large bandwidths, integrating localization and (bi-static) sensing functions without extra infrastructure. Such systems are likely to operate in the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-27 Hui Chen , Pinjun Zheng , Yu Ge , Ahmed Elzanaty , Jiguang He , Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri , Henk Wymeersch

Extremely large aperture array (ELAA) is anticipated to serve as a pivotal feature of future multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems in 6G. Near-field (NF) fading channel models are essential for reliable link-level simulation and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Jiuyu Liu , Yi Ma , Ahmed Elzanaty , Rahim Tafazolli