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Reinforcement Learning algorithms that learn from human feedback (RLHF) need to be efficient in terms of statistical complexity, computational complexity, and query complexity. In this work, we consider the RLHF setting where the feedback…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Runzhe Wu , Wen Sun

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) aligns Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences, yet the underlying reward signals they internalize remain hidden, posing a critical challenge for interpretability and safety.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Nyal Patel , Matthieu Bou , Arjun Jagota , Satyapriya Krishna , Sonali Parbhoo

Preference-based reinforcement learning (PbRL) provides a natural way to align RL agents' behavior with human desired outcomes, but is often restrained by costly human feedback. To improve feedback efficiency, most existing PbRL methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Xiao Hu , Jianxiong Li , Xianyuan Zhan , Qing-Shan Jia , Ya-Qin Zhang

Reinforcement learning based fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs) on human preferences has been shown to enhance both their capabilities and safety behavior. However, in cases related to safety, without precise instructions to human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Tong Mu , Alec Helyar , Johannes Heidecke , Joshua Achiam , Andrea Vallone , Ian Kivlichan , Molly Lin , Alex Beutel , John Schulman , Lilian Weng

Preference-based reinforcement learning can learn effective reward functions from comparisons, but its scalability is constrained by the high cost of oracle feedback. Lightweight vision-language embedding (VLE) models provide a cheaper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Udita Ghosh , Dripta S. Raychaudhuri , Jiachen Li , Konstantinos Karydis , Amit Roy-Chowdhury

When robots enter everyday human environments, they need to understand their tasks and how they should perform those tasks. To encode these, reward functions, which specify the objective of a robot, are employed. However, designing reward…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Erdem Bıyık

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is key to aligning Large Language Models (LLMs), typically paired with the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm. While PPO is a powerful method designed for general reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Ziniu Li , Tian Xu , Yushun Zhang , Zhihang Lin , Yang Yu , Ruoyu Sun , Zhi-Quan Luo

Preference-based reinforcement learning (PbRL) provides a powerful paradigm to avoid meticulous reward engineering by learning rewards based on human preferences. However, real-time human feedback is hard to obtain in online tasks. Most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Songjun Tu , Jingbo Sun , Qichao Zhang , Xiangyuan Lan , Dongbin Zhao

Reinforcement learning (RL) faces challenges in evaluating policy trajectories within intricate game tasks due to the difficulty in designing comprehensive and precise reward functions. This inherent difficulty curtails the broader…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Zichao Shen , Tianchen Zhu , Qingyun Sun , Shiqi Gao , Jianxin Li

The success of AI assistants based on Language Models (LLMs) hinges on Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) to comprehend and align with user intentions. However, traditional alignment algorithms, such as PPO, are hampered by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Songyang Gao , Qiming Ge , Wei Shen , Shihan Dou , Junjie Ye , Xiao Wang , Rui Zheng , Yicheng Zou , Zhi Chen , Hang Yan , Qi Zhang , Dahua Lin

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have led to their increased application across various tasks, with reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) being a crucial part of their training to align responses with user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Ben Hauptvogel , Malte Ostendorff , Georg Rehm , Sebastian Möller

The ability of reinforcement learning algorithms to learn effective policies is determined by the rewards available during training. However, for practical problems, obtaining large quantities of reward labels is often infeasible due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Shreyas Chaudhari , Renhao Zhang , Philip S. Thomas , Bruno Castro da Silva

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a transformative approach for aligning and enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs), addressing critical challenges in instruction following, ethical alignment, and reasoning capabilities. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Saksham Sahai Srivastava , Vaneet Aggarwal

Large foundation models pretrained on raw web-scale data are not readily deployable without additional step of extensive alignment to human preferences. Such alignment is typically done by collecting large amounts of pairwise comparisons…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Daiwei Chen , Yi Chen , Aniket Rege , Ramya Korlakai Vinayak

Reinforcement learning with human feedback (RLHF), which learns a reward model from human preference data and then optimizes a policy to favor preferred responses, has emerged as a central paradigm for aligning large language models (LLMs)…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-09-29 Gen Li , Yuling Yan

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) to align with human preferences has driven the success of systems such as Gemini and ChatGPT. However, approaches like Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) remain computationally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Miria Feng , Mert Pilanci

AI agents are commonly aligned with "human values" through reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), where a single reward model is learned from aggregated human feedback and used to align an agent's behavior. However, human values…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Carter Blair , Kate Larson , Edith Law

While Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) significantly enhances the generation quality of Large Language Models (LLMs), recent studies have raised concerns regarding the complexity and instability associated with the Proximal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Xin Mao , Feng-Lin Li , Huimin Xu , Wei Zhang , Anh Tuan Luu

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is commonly utilized to improve the alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences. Given the evolving nature of human preferences, continual alignment becomes more crucial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Han Zhang , Lin Gui , Yu Lei , Yuanzhao Zhai , Yehong Zhang , Yulan He , Hui Wang , Yue Yu , Kam-Fai Wong , Bin Liang , Ruifeng Xu

Reward inference (learning a reward model from human preferences) is a critical intermediate step in the Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) pipeline for fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs). In practice, RLHF faces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Qining Zhang , Lei Ying