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Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as the dominant technique to provide \emph{Large Language Models} (LLM) with fresh and relevant context, mitigating the risk of hallucinations and improving the overall quality of responses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Nicolas Grislain

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by retrieving documents from an external corpus at inference time. When this corpus contains sensitive information, however, unprotected RAG systems are at risk of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Ruihan Wu , Erchi Wang , Zhiyuan Zhang , Yu-Xiang Wang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a powerful technique to facilitate language model with proprietary and private data, where data privacy is a pivotal concern. Whereas extensive research has demonstrated the privacy risks of large…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-03 Shenglai Zeng , Jiankun Zhang , Pengfei He , Yue Xing , Yiding Liu , Han Xu , Jie Ren , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Yi Chang , Jiliang Tang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by grounding them in external knowledge. However, its application in sensitive domains is limited by privacy risks. Existing private RAG methods typically rely on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Junki Mori , Kazuya Kakizaki , Taiki Miyagawa , Jun Sakuma

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a widely used framework for reducing hallucinations in large language models (LLMs) on domain-specific tasks by retrieving relevant documents from a database to support accurate responses. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Tingting Tang , James Flemings , Yongqin Wang , Murali Annavaram

The continued promise of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in their natural language understanding and generation capabilities, has driven a rapidly increasing interest in identifying and developing LLM use cases. In an effort to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Andreea-Elena Bodea , Stephen Meisenbacher , Alexandra Klymenko , Florian Matthes

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances the factual accuracy of large language models (LLMs) by conditioning outputs on external knowledge sources. However, when retrieval involves private or sensitive data, RAG systems are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Haoran Wang , Xiongxiao Xu , Baixiang Huang , Kai Shu

The widespread adoption of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems in real-world applications has heightened concerns about the confidentiality and integrity of their proprietary knowledge bases. These knowledge bases, which play a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Pengcheng Zhou , Yinglun Feng , Zhongliang Yang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a powerful technique for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) with external, up-to-date knowledge. Graph RAG has emerged as an advanced paradigm that leverages graph-based knowledge structures to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jiale Liu , Jiahao Zhang , Suhang Wang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is an emerging approach in natural language processing that combines large language models (LLMs) with external document retrieval to produce more accurate and grounded responses. While RAG has shown…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Atousa Arzanipour , Rouzbeh Behnia , Reza Ebrahimi , Kaushik Dutta

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has attracted significant attention due to its ability to combine the generative capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) with knowledge obtained through efficient retrieval mechanisms over…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Aiman Al Masoud , Marco Arazzi , Antonino Nocera

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a promising technique for applying LLMs to proprietary domains. However, retrieved documents may contain sensitive knowledge, posing risks of privacy leakage in generative results. Thus, effectively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Yujing Wang , Hainan Zhang , Liang Pang , Yongxin Tong , Binghui Guo , Hongwei Zheng , Zhiming Zheng

While the flexible capabilities of large language models (LLMs) allow them to answer a range of queries based on existing learned knowledge, information retrieval to augment generation is an important tool to allow LLMs to answer questions…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Guy Zyskind , Tobin South , Alex Pentland

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems enhance large language models (LLMs) by integrating external knowledge bases, but this advancement introduces significant privacy risks. Existing privacy attacks on RAG systems can trigger data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Yufei Chen , Yao Wang , Haibin Zhang , Tao Gu

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly adopted on edge devices, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is gaining prominence as a solution to address factual deficiencies and hallucinations by integrating external knowledge.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Chenhao Xu , Longxiang Gao , Yuan Miao , Xi Zheng

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enables large language models to use external knowledge, but outsourcing the RAG service raises privacy concerns for both data owners and users. Privacy-preserving RAG systems address these concerns by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yulong Ming , Mingyue Wang , Jijia Yang , Jie Xu , Zihan Wu , Cong Wang , Xiaohua Jia

Differentially private diffusion models (DPDMs) harness the remarkable generative capabilities of diffusion models while enforcing differential privacy (DP) for sensitive data. However, existing DPDM training approaches often suffer from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Tanqiu Jiang , Changjiang Li , Fenglong Ma , Ting Wang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) improves the service quality of large language models by retrieving relevant documents from credible literature and integrating them into the context of the user query. Recently, the rise of the cloud…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Yihang Cheng , Lan Zhang , Junyang Wang , Mu Yuan , Yunhao Yao

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is essential for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs) with external knowledge, but its reliance on cloud environments exposes sensitive data to privacy risks. Existing privacy-preserving solutions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Zhijun Li , Minghui Xu , Huayi Qi , Wenxuan Yu , Tingchuang Zhang , Qiao Zhang , GuangYong Shang , Zhen Ma , Xiuzhen Cheng

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances the utility of Large Language Models (LLMs) by retrieving external documents. Since the knowledge databases in RAG are predominantly utilized via cloud services, private data in sensitive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xinyuan Zhu , Zekun Fei , Enye Wang , Ruiqi He , Jia Guo , Ruijie Wang , Zheli Liu , Qingkai Zeng
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