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We explore adapting foundation models (FMs) from the computer vision domain to geoscience. FMs, large neural networks trained on massive datasets, excel in diverse tasks with remarkable adaptability and generality. However, geoscience faces…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Zhixiang Guo , Xinming Wu , Luming Liang , Hanlin Sheng , Nuo Chen , Zhengfa Bi

The increasing availability of geospatial foundation models has the potential to transform remote sensing applications such as land cover classification, environmental monitoring, and change detection. Despite promising benchmark results,…

In the realm of geospatial analysis, the diversity of remote sensors, encompassing both optical and microwave technologies, offers a wealth of distinct observational capabilities. Recognizing this, we present msGFM, a multisensor geospatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Boran Han , Shuai Zhang , Xingjian Shi , Markus Reichstein

As geospatial machine learning models and maps derived from their predictions are increasingly used for downstream analyses in science and policy, it is imperative to evaluate their accuracy and applicability. Geospatial machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Esther Rolf

As large-scale heterogeneous data sets become increasingly available, adapting foundation models at low cost has become a key issue. Seminal works in natural language processing, e.g. Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), leverage the low "intrinsic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Romain Thoreau , Valerio Marsocci , Dawa Derksen

Earth Observation Foundation Models (EOFMs) have exploded in prevalence as tools for processing the massive volumes of remotely sensed and other earth observation data, and for delivering impact on the many essential earth monitoring tasks.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ryan P. Demilt , Nicholas LaHaye , Karis Tenneson

Open-access multispectral imagery from missions like Landsat 8-9 and Sentinel-2 has fueled the development of geospatial foundation models (GFMs) for humanitarian and environmental applications. Yet, their deployment remains limited by (i)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Ibrahim Salihu Yusuf , Iffanice Houndayi , Rym Oualha , Mohamed Aziz Cherif , Kobby Panford-Quainoo , Arnu Pretorius

Geospatial Foundation Models (GFMs) provide powerful representations, but high compute costs hinder their widespread use. Pre-computed embedding data products offer a practical "frozen" alternative, yet they currently exist in a fragmented…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Heng Fang , Adam J. Stewart , Isaac Corley , Xiao Xiang Zhu , Hossein Azizpour

Traditional foundation models are pre-trained on broad datasets to reduce the training resources (e.g., time, energy, labeled samples) needed for fine-tuning a wide range of downstream tasks. However, traditional foundation models struggle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Majid Farhadloo , Arun Sharma , Mingzhou Yang , Bharat Jayaprakash , William Northrop , Shashi Shekhar

The widespread adoption of AI models, especially foundation models (FMs), has made a profound impact on numerous domains. However, it also raises significant ethical concerns, including bias issues. Although numerous efforts have been made…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhangyu Wang , Nemin Wu , Qian Cao , Jiangnan Xia , Zeping Liu , Yiqun Xie , Akshay Nambi , Tanuja Ganu , Ni Lao , Ninghao Liu , Gengchen Mai

Vision-Language Foundation Models (VLFMs) have made remarkable progress on various multimodal tasks, such as image captioning, image-text retrieval, visual question answering, and visual grounding. However, most methods rely on training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Yue Zhou , Zhihang Zhong , Xue Yang

Hierarchical time series forecasting plays a crucial role in decision-making in various domains while presenting significant challenges for modelling as they involve multiple levels of aggregation, constraints, and availability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Zhao Yingjie , Mahdi Abolghasemi

Current Earth observation benchmarks focus on measuring performance on diverse tasks and applications, typically measuring generalization in-distribution. But when models are deployed, they must generalize to myriad out-of-distribution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kelsey Doerksen , Hannah Kerner

In image generation, generative models can be evaluated naturally by visually inspecting model outputs. However, this is not always the case for graph generative models (GGMs), making their evaluation challenging. Currently, the standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Rylee Thompson , Boris Knyazev , Elahe Ghalebi , Jungtaek Kim , Graham W. Taylor

Foundation models, as a mainstream technology in artificial intelligence, have demonstrated immense potential across various domains in recent years, particularly in handling complex tasks and multimodal data. In the field of geophysics,…

Geophysics · Physics 2025-04-28 Hanlin Sheng , Xinming Wu , Hang Gao , Haibin Di , Sergey Fomel , Jintao Li , Xu Si

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a cost-effective, highly accessible and widely employed diagnostic tool. With the advent of Foundation Models (FMs), the field of AI-assisted ECG interpretation has begun to evolve, as they enable model reuse…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Francesca Filice , Edoardo De Rose , Simone Bartucci , Francesco Calimeri , Simona Perri

Remote Sensing (RS) is a crucial technology for observing, monitoring, and interpreting our planet, with broad applications across geoscience, economics, humanitarian fields, etc. While artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Aoran Xiao , Weihao Xuan , Junjue Wang , Jiaxing Huang , Dacheng Tao , Shijian Lu , Naoto Yokoya

Generative AI based on foundation models provides a first glimpse into the world represented by machines trained on vast amounts of multimodal data ingested by these models during training. If we consider the resulting models as knowledge…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Zilong Liu , Krzysztof Janowicz , Kitty Currier , Meilin Shi

Foundation models have transformed natural language processing and computer vision, and a rapidly growing literature on time-series foundation models (TSFMs) seeks to replicate this success in forecasting. While recent open-source models…

Recent progress in self-supervision has shown that pre-training large neural networks on vast amounts of unsupervised data can lead to substantial increases in generalization to downstream tasks. Such models, recently coined foundation…