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Hierarchical time series are common in several applied fields. The forecasts for these time series are required to be coherent, that is, to satisfy the constraints given by the hierarchy. The most popular technique to enforce coherence is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-13 Lorenzo Zambon , Dario Azzimonti , Giorgio Corani

Forecast combinations have been widely applied in the last few decades to improve forecasting. Estimating optimal weights that can outperform simple averages is not always an easy task. In recent years, the idea of using time series…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-22 Yanfei Kang , Wei Cao , Fotios Petropoulos , Feng Li

Hierarchical forecasting is a key problem in many practical multivariate forecasting applications - the goal is to simultaneously predict a large number of correlated time series that are arranged in a pre-specified aggregation hierarchy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Biswajit Paria , Rajat Sen , Amr Ahmed , Abhimanyu Das

The predictive advantage of combining several different predictive models is widely accepted. Particularly in time series forecasting problems, this combination is often dynamic to cope with potential non-stationary sources of variation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-06 Vitor Cerqueira , Luis Torgo , Carlos Soares , Albert Bifet

In hierarchical forecasting, the process of forecast reconciliation transforms a set of "base" or "raw" forecasts, which do not satisfy the hierarchical aggregation constraints in the real data, into a set of "coherent" forecasts, which do…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-29 Minh Nguyen , Farshid Vahid , Shanika L Wickramasuriya

Forecast combination -- the aggregation of individual forecasts from multiple experts or models -- is a proven approach to economic forecasting. To date, research on economic forecasting has concentrated on local combination methods, which…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-03-12 Ryan Thompson , Yilin Qian , Andrey L. Vasnev

Forecast reconciliation is an important research topic. Yet, there is currently neither formal framework nor practical method for the probabilistic reconciliation of count time series. In this paper we propose a definition of coherency and…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-28 Giorgio Corani , Dario Azzimonti , Nicolò Rubattu

This paper proposes corrected forecast combinations when the original combined forecast errors are serially dependent. Motivated by the classic Bates and Granger (1969) example, we show that combined forecast errors can be strongly…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-16 Chu-An Liu , Andrey L. Vasnev

Time series often appear in an additive hierarchical structure. In such cases, time series on higher levels are the sums of their subordinate time series. This hierarchical structure places a natural constraint on forecasts. However,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-20 Louis Steinmeister , Markus Pauly

Time series forecasting presents unique challenges that limit the effectiveness of traditional machine learning algorithms. To address these limitations, various approaches have incorporated linear constraints into learning algorithms, such…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-18 Nathan Doumèche , Francis Bach , Éloi Bedek , Gérard Biau , Claire Boyer , Yannig Goude

A novel framework for hierarchical forecast updating is presented, addressing a critical gap in the forecasting literature. By assuming a temporal hierarchy structure, the innovative approach extends hierarchical forecast reconciliation to…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-05 Lukas Neubauer , Peter Filzmoser

Model selection has been proven an effective strategy for improving accuracy in time series forecasting applications. However, when dealing with hierarchical time series, apart from selecting the most appropriate forecasting model,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Mahdi Abolghasemi , Rob J Hyndman , Evangelos Spiliotis , Christoph Bergmeir

We introduce a dynamic approach to probabilistic forecast reconciliation at scale. Our model differs from the existing literature in this area in several important ways. Firstly we explicitly allow the weights allocated to the base…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-20 Ross Hollyman , Fotios Petropoulos , Michael E. Tipping

We introduce a framework to dynamically combine heterogeneous models called \texttt{DYCHEM}, which forecasts a set of time series that are related through an aggregation hierarchy. Different types of forecasting models can be employed as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Xing Han , Jing Hu , Joydeep Ghosh

Aggregation constraints, arising from geographical or sectoral division, frequently emerge in a large set of time series. Coherent forecasts of these constrained series are anticipated to conform to their hierarchical structure organized by…

Applications · Statistics 2026-02-27 Zhichao Wang , Shanshan Wang , Wei Cao , Fei Yang

We encounter time series data in many domains such as finance, physics, business, and weather. One of the main tasks of time series analysis, one that helps to take informed decisions under uncertainty, is forecasting. Time series are often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Gal Elgavish

Forecast reconciliation adjusts independently generated forecasts so that they satisfy some known constraints. While probabilistic forecast reconciliation is well established for linear constraints, some practical forecasting problems…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-30 Anubhab Biswas , Lorenzo Zambon , Lorenzo Nespoli , Giorgio Corani

This paper discusses the prediction of hierarchical time series, where each upper-level time series is calculated by summing appropriate lower-level time series. Forecasts for such hierarchical time series should be coherent, meaning that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-27 Tomokaze Shiratori , Ken Kobayashi , Yuichi Takano

We demonstrate that the forecasting combination puzzle is a consequence of the methodology commonly used to produce forecast combinations. By the combination puzzle, we refer to the empirical finding that predictions formed by combining…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-08-11 David T. Frazier , Ryan Covey , Gael M. Martin , Donald Poskitt

Accurate and reliable energy forecasting is essential for power grid operators who strive to minimize extreme forecasting errors that pose significant operational challenges and incur high intra-day trading costs. Incorporating planning…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Raffael Theiler , Leandro Von Krannichfeldt , Giovanni Sansavini , Michael F. Howland , Olga Fink