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Backdoor watermarking has emerged as the predominant approach for protecting public datasets, enabling dataset ownership verification (DOV) through embedded triggers that induce predefined model behaviors. While existing works assume that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Zhiying Li , Zhi Liu , Dongjie Liu , Shengda Zhuo , Guanggang Geng , Zhaoxin Fan , Shanxiang Lyu , Xiaobo Jin , Jian Weng

We introduce the first watermark tailored for diffusion language models (DLMs), an emergent LLM paradigm able to generate tokens in arbitrary order, in contrast to standard autoregressive language models (ARLMs) which generate tokens…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Thibaud Gloaguen , Robin Staab , Nikola Jovanović , Martin Vechev

Watermarking becomes one of the pivotal solutions to trace and verify the origin of synthetic images generated by artificial intelligence models, but it is not free of risks. Recent studies demonstrate the capability to forge watermarks…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Chaoyi Zhu , Zaitang Li , Renyi Yang , Robert Birke , Pin-Yu Chen , Tsung-Yi Ho , Lydia Y. Chen

The availability and accessibility of diffusion models (DMs) have significantly increased in recent years, making them a popular tool for analyzing and predicting the spread of information, behaviors, or phenomena through a population.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Yugeng Liu , Zheng Li , Michael Backes , Yun Shen , Yang Zhang

The rapid proliferation of AI-generated images necessitates effective watermarking techniques to protect intellectual property and detect fraudulent content. While existing training-based watermarking methods show promise, they often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Lu Zhang , Liang Zeng

In light of recent advancements in generative AI models, it has become essential to distinguish genuine content from AI-generated one to prevent the malicious usage of fake materials as authentic ones and vice versa. Various techniques have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Mehrdad Saberi , Vinu Sankar Sadasivan , Keivan Rezaei , Aounon Kumar , Atoosa Chegini , Wenxiao Wang , Soheil Feizi

Large language models (LLMs) have show great ability in various natural language tasks. However, there are concerns that LLMs are possible to be used improperly or even illegally. To prevent the malicious usage of LLMs, detecting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Jie Ren , Han Xu , Yiding Liu , Yingqian Cui , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Jiliang Tang

Watermarking the outputs of generative models is a crucial technique for tracing copyright and preventing potential harm from AI-generated content. In this paper, we introduce a novel technique called Tree-Ring Watermarking that robustly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Yuxin Wen , John Kirchenbauer , Jonas Geiping , Tom Goldstein

The rapid proliferation of realistic deepfakes has raised urgent concerns over their misuse, motivating the use of defensive watermarks in synthetic images for reliable detection and provenance tracking. However, this defense paradigm…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Wei Song , Zhenchang Xing , Liming Zhu , Yulei Sui , Jingling Xue

As diffusion models (DMs) enable photorealistic image generation at unprecedented scale, watermarking techniques have become essential for provenance establishment and accountability. Existing methods face challenges: sampling-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Hong-Hanh Nguyen-Le , Van-Tuan Tran , Thuc D. Nguyen , Nhien-An Le-Khac

Watermarking (WM) is a critical mechanism for detecting and attributing AI-generated content. Current WM methods for Large Language Models (LLMs) are predominantly tailored for autoregressive (AR) models: They rely on tokens being generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Ofek Raban , Ethan Fetaya , Gal Chechik

Recent years have seen a surge in interest in digital content watermarking techniques, driven by the proliferation of generative models and increased legal pressure. With an ever-growing percentage of AI-generated content available online,…

As Generative AI continues to become more accessible, the case for robust detection of generated images in order to combat misinformation is stronger than ever. Invisible watermarking methods act as identifiers of generated content,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Dongjun Hwang , Sungwon Woo , Tom Gao , Raymond Luo , Sunghwan Baek

Watermarking has emerged as a promising solution to counter harmful or deceptive AI-generated content by embedding hidden identifiers that trace content origins. However, the robustness of current watermarking techniques is still largely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Xiaodong Wu , Tianyi Tang , Xiangman Li , Jianbing Ni , Yong Yu

The development of large language models (LLMs) has raised concerns about potential misuse. One practical solution is to embed a watermark in the text, allowing ownership verification through watermark extraction. Existing methods primarily…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yuhang Cai , Yaofei Wang , Donghui Hu , Chen Gu

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has raised concerns regarding their potential misuse, particularly in generating fake news and misinformation. To address these risks, watermarking techniques for autoregressive language…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Koichi Nagatsuka , Terufumi Morishita , Yasuhiro Sogawa

As the quality of image generators continues to improve, deepfakes become a topic of considerable societal debate. Image watermarking allows responsible model owners to detect and label their AI-generated content, which can mitigate the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Kasra Arabi , Benjamin Feuer , R. Teal Witter , Chinmay Hegde , Niv Cohen

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) offer faster generation than autoregressive models while maintaining comparable quality, but existing watermarking methods fail on them due to their non-sequential decoding. Unlike autoregressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Linyu Wu , Linhao Zhong , Wenjie Qu , Yuexin Li , Yue Liu , Shengfang Zhai , Chunhua Shen , Jiaheng Zhang

The vast amounts of digital content captured from the real world or AI-generated media necessitate methods for copyright protection, traceability, or data provenance verification. Digital watermarking serves as a crucial approach to address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Vitaliy Kinakh , Brian Pulfer , Yury Belousov , Pierre Fernandez , Teddy Furon , Slava Voloshynovskiy

The personalization techniques of diffusion models succeed in generating images with specific concepts. This ability also poses great threats to copyright protection and network security since malicious users can generate unauthorized…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Liangqi Lei , Keke Gai , Jing Yu , Liehuang Zhu , Qi Wu