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End-to-end autonomous driving has made impressive progress in recent years. Existing methods usually adopt the decoupled encoder-decoder paradigm, where the encoder extracts hidden features from raw sensor data, and the decoder outputs the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Xiaosong Jia , Penghao Wu , Li Chen , Jiangwei Xie , Conghui He , Junchi Yan , Hongyang Li

Scaling up neural networks has led to remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks. Moreover, performance often follows reliable scaling laws as a function of training set size, model size, and compute, which offers valuable guidance…

End-to-end learning has shown great potential in autonomous parking, yet the lack of publicly available datasets limits reproducibility and benchmarking. While prior work introduced a visual-based parking model and a pipeline for data…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Kejia Gao , Liguo Zhou , Mingjun Liu , Alois Knoll

End-to-end autonomous driving, where the entire driving pipeline is replaced with a single neural network, has recently gained research attention because of its simpler structure and faster inference time. Despite this appealing approach…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Hongkuan Zhou , Wei Cao , Aifen Sui , Zhenshan Bing

End-to-end autonomous driving has witnessed rapid progress, yet existing benchmarks are increasingly saturated, with state-of-the-art models achieving near-perfect scores on widely used open-loop and closed-loop benchmarks. This saturation…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhongyu Xia , Guanyu Zhu , Guo Tang , Wenhao Chen , Yongtao Wang

Designing a driving policy for autonomous vehicles is a difficult task. Recent studies suggested an end-toend (E2E) training of a policy to predict car actuators directly from raw sensory inputs. It is appealing due to the ease of labeled…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-01-07 Yonatan Glassner , Liran Gispan , Ariel Ayash , Tal Furman Shohet

Downstream scaling laws aim to predict task performance at larger scales from the model's performance at smaller scales. Whether such prediction should be possible is unclear: some works discover clear linear scaling trends after simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Nicholas Lourie , Michael Y. Hu , Kyunghyun Cho

Recent significant advances in text-to-image models unlock the possibility of training vision systems using synthetic images, potentially overcoming the difficulty of collecting curated data at scale. It is unclear, however, how these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Lijie Fan , Kaifeng Chen , Dilip Krishnan , Dina Katabi , Phillip Isola , Yonglong Tian

Scaling laws in deep learning -- empirical power-law relationships linking model performance to resource growth -- have emerged as simple yet striking regularities across architectures, datasets, and tasks. These laws are particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Francesco D'Amico , Dario Bocchi , Matteo Negri

Human drivers produce a vast amount of data which could, in principle, be used to improve autonomous driving systems. Unfortunately, seemingly straightforward approaches for creating end-to-end driving models that map sensor data directly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Yi Xiao , Felipe Codevilla , Christopher Pal , Antonio M. Lopez

The scaling law, a cornerstone of Large Language Model (LLM) development, predicts improvements in model performance with increasing computational resources. Yet, while empirically validated, its theoretical underpinnings remain poorly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Chiwun Yang

With the rapid advancement of autonomous driving technology, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication has emerged as a key enabler for extending perception range and enhancing driving safety by providing visibility beyond the line of…

Our goal is to train a policy for autonomous driving via imitation learning that is robust enough to drive a real vehicle. We find that standard behavior cloning is insufficient for handling complex driving scenarios, even when we leverage…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-12-10 Mayank Bansal , Alex Krizhevsky , Abhijit Ogale

Urban traffic regulation policies are increasingly used to address congestion, emissions, and accessibility in cities, yet their impacts are difficult to assess due to the socio-technical complexity of urban mobility systems. Recent…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Arianna Burzacchi , Marco Pistore

Over the past few years there is a growing interest in the learning-based self driving system. To ensure safety, such systems are first developed and validated in simulators before being deployed in the real world. However, most of the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Quanyi Li , Zhenghao Peng , Qihang Zhang , Chunxiao Liu , Bolei Zhou

End-to-end driving has made significant progress in recent years, demonstrating benefits such as system simplicity and competitive driving performance under both open-loop and closed-loop settings. Nevertheless, the lack of interpretability…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Tianqi Wang , Enze Xie , Ruihang Chu , Zhenguo Li , Ping Luo

Realistic traffic simulation is crucial for developing self-driving software in a safe and scalable manner prior to real-world deployment. Typically, imitation learning (IL) is used to learn human-like traffic agents directly from…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Chris Zhang , James Tu , Lunjun Zhang , Kelvin Wong , Simon Suo , Raquel Urtasun

Autonomous driving is of great interest to industry and academia alike. The use of machine learning approaches for autonomous driving has long been studied, but mostly in the context of perception. In this paper we take a deeper look on the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Ardi Tampuu , Maksym Semikin , Naveed Muhammad , Dmytro Fishman , Tambet Matiisen

Personalization, while extensively studied in conventional autonomous driving pipelines, has been largely overlooked in the context of end-to-end autonomous driving (E2EAD), despite its critical role in fostering user trust, safety…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Ruiyang Hao , Bowen Jing , Haibao Yu , Zaiqing Nie

Vision-based end-to-end (E2E) driving has garnered significant interest in the research community due to its scalability and synergy with multimodal large language models (MLLMs). However, current E2E driving benchmarks primarily feature…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Runsheng Xu , Hubert Lin , Wonseok Jeon , Hao Feng , Yuliang Zou , Liting Sun , John Gorman , Ekaterina Tolstaya , Sarah Tang , Brandyn White , Ben Sapp , Mingxing Tan , Jyh-Jing Hwang , Dragomir Anguelov