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The QCD at finite density is not well understood yet, where standard Monte Carlo simulation suffers from the sign problem. In order to overcome the sign problem, the method of Lefschetz thimble has been explored. Basically, the original…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2018-04-18 Shoichiro Tsutsui , Takahiro M. Doi

In the landscape of approaches toward the simulation of Lattice Models with complex action the Complex Langevin (CL) appears as a straightforward method with a simple, well defined setup. Its applicability, however, is controlled by certain…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2018-04-18 Gert Aarts , Kirill Boguslavski , Manuel Scherzer , Erhard Seiler , Dénes Sexty , Ion-Olimpiu Stamatescu

The chemical Langevin equation (CLE) is a popular simulation method to probe the stochastic dynamics of chemical systems. The CLE's main disadvantage is its break down in finite time due to the problem of evaluating square roots of negative…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2014-07-22 David Schnoerr , Guido Sanguinetti , Ramon Grima

We review the theory and applications of complex stochastic quantization to the quantum many-body problem. Along the way, we present a brief overview of a number of ideas that either ameliorate or in some cases altogether solve the sign…

The Complex Langevin (CL) method to simulate `complex probabilities', ideally produces expectation values for the observables that converge to a limit equal to the expectation values obtained with the original complex `probability' measure.…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2023-12-01 Erhard Seiler , Dénes Sexty , Ion-Olimpiu Stamatescu

Recently the complex Langevin method (CLM) has been attracting attention as a solution to the sign problem, which occurs in Monte Carlo calculations when the effective Boltzmann weight is not real positive. An undesirable feature of the…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2018-06-13 Keitaro Nagata , Jun Nishimura , Shinji Shimasaki

One of the main challenges in simulations on Lefschetz thimbles is the computation of the relative weights of contributing thimbles. In this paper we propose a solution to that problem by means of computing those weights using a reweighting…

The complex Langevin method is a leading candidate for solving the sign problem occurring in various physical situations, notably QCD at finite chemical potential. Its most vexing problem is `convergence to the wrong limit', where the…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2011-10-27 Gert Aarts , Frank A. James , Erhard Seiler , Ion-Olimpiu Stamatescu

The complex Langevin method (CLM) is a promising tool to address the sign problem in quantum field theories with complex actions. However, it can converge to incorrect results even when simulations appear stable, highlighting the need for…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2026-03-27 Anosh Joseph , Arpith Kumar

The Lefschetz thimble method, i.e., the integration along the steepest descent cycles, is an idea to evade the sign problem by complexifying the theory. We discuss that such steepest descent cycles can be identified as ground-state…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-11-19 Kenji Fukushima , Yuya Tanizaki

We discuss recent developments regarding the use of kernels in complex Langevin simulations. In particular, we outline how a kernel can be used to solve the problem of wrong convergence in a simple toy model. Since conventional correctness…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2025-12-17 Michael Mandl , Erhard Seiler , Dénes Sexty

We present the first practical Monte Carlo calculations of the recently proposed Lefschetz thimble formulation of quantum field theories. Our results provide strong evidence that the numerical sign problem that afflicts Monte Carlo…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2013-11-15 Marco Cristoforetti , Francesco Di Renzo , Abhishek Mukherjee , Luigi Scorzato

We introduce a projected complex Langevin (CL) numerical sampling method -- a fictitious Langevin dynamics scheme that uses numerical projection to sample a constrained stationary distribution with highly oscillatory character. Despite the…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2025-03-04 Ethan C. McGarrigle , Hector D. Ceniceros , Glenn H. Fredrickson

Lattice field theories with a complex action can be studied numerically by allowing a complexified configuration space to be explored. Here we compare the recently introduced formulation on a Lefschetz thimble with the result from…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2013-11-13 Gert Aarts

The nuclear shell model is known to describe the properties of various nuclei extremely well. However, the auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo calculations cannot be applied to it with general interactions due to the sign problem. The model…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-08-22 Yuhma Asano , Yuta Ito , Jun Nishimura , Noritaka Shimizu

As is well known the Complex Langevin (CL) method sometimes fails to converge or converges to the wrong limit. We identified one reason for this long ago: insufficient decay of the probability density either near infinity or near poles of…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2019-01-30 Manuel Scherzer , Erhard Seiler , Dénes Sexty , Ion-Olimpiu Stamatescu

Deforming the domain of integration after complexification of the field variables is an intriguing idea to tackle the sign problem. In thimble regularization the domain of integration is deformed into an union of manifolds called Lefschetz…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2021-11-30 Kevin Zambello , Francesco Di Renzo , Simran Singh

The complex Langevin method (CLM) offers a potential solution to the sign problem in quantum field theories with complex actions, but can converge to incorrect results even when simulations appear stable. Existing diagnostics monitor drift…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2025-10-30 Anosh Joseph , Arpith Kumar

Many fascinating systems suffer from a severe (complex action) sign problem preventing us from calculating them with Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations. One promising method to alleviate the sign problem is the transformation of the…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2022-11-18 Marcel Rodekamp , Christoph Gäntgen

The sign problem appears in lattice QCD as soon as a non-zero chemical potential is introduced. This prevents direct simulations to determine the phase structure of the strongly interacting matter. Complex Langevin methods have been…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2018-04-18 Felipe Attanasio , Benjamin Jäger