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The growth of digitalization services via web browsers has simplified our daily routine of doing business. But at the same time, it has made the web browser very attractive for several cyber-attacks. Web phishing is a well-known cyberattack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Leand Thaqi , Arbnor Halili , Kamer Vishi , Blerim Rexha

The use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in software development is rapidly growing, with developers increasingly relying on these models for coding assistance, including security-critical tasks. Our work presents a comprehensive comparison…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Zohaib Masood , Miguel Vargas Martin

The escalating sophistication of phishing emails necessitates a shift beyond traditional rule-based and conventional machine-learning-based detectors. Although large language models (LLMs) offer strong natural language understanding, using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Abrar Hamed Al Barwani , Abdelaziz Amara Korba , Raja Waseem Anwar

This paper explores the possibility of using ChatGPT to develop advanced phishing attacks and automate their large-scale deployment. We make ChatGPT generate the following parts of a phishing attack: i) cloning a targeted website, ii)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Nils Begou , Jeremy Vinoy , Andrzej Duda , Maciej Korczynski

The ever-evolving ways attacker continues to im prove their phishing techniques to bypass existing state-of-the-art phishing detection methods pose a mountain of challenges to researchers in both industry and academia research due to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Tosin Ige , Christopher Kiekintveld , Aritran Piplai

Prompt injection attacks manipulate webpage content to cause web agents to execute attacker-specified tasks instead of the user's intended ones. Existing methods for detecting and localizing such attacks achieve limited effectiveness, as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Xilong Wang , Yinuo Liu , Zhun Wang , Dawn Song , Neil Gong

Phishing is a critical cyber threat, exploiting deceptive tactics to compromise victims and cause significant financial losses. While reference-based phishing detectors (RBPDs) have achieved notable advancements in detection accuracy, their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Yuexin Li , Hiok Kuek Tan , Qiaoran Meng , Mei Lin Lock , Tri Cao , Shumin Deng , Nay Oo , Hoon Wei Lim , Bryan Hooi

In the realm of cybersecurity, phishing stands as a prevalent cyber attack, where attackers employ various tactics to deceive users into gathering their sensitive information, potentially leading to identity theft or financial gain.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Aditya Kulkarni , Vivek Balachandran , Tamal Das

The escalating threat of phishing emails has become increasingly sophisticated with the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs). As attackers exploit LLMs to craft more convincing and evasive phishing emails, it is crucial to assess the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Khalifa Afane , Wenqi Wei , Ying Mao , Junaid Farooq , Juntao Chen

In this paper, we introduce PhishLang, the first fully client-side anti-phishing framework built on a lightweight ensemble framework that utilizes advanced language models to analyze the contextual features of a website's source code and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Sayak Saha Roy , Shirin Nilizadeh

The proliferation of phishing sites and emails poses significant challenges to existing cybersecurity efforts. Despite advances in malicious email filters and email security protocols, problems with oversight and false positives persist.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Takashi Koide , Naoki Fukushi , Hiroki Nakano , Daiki Chiba

Phishing is a common online weapon, used against users, by Phishers for acquiring a confidential information through deception. Since the inception of internet, nearly everything, ranging from money transaction to sharing information, is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-12-11 Anugrah Kumar , Sanjiban Shekar Roy , Sarvesh SS Rawat , Sanklan Saxena

Recent success in large multimodal models (LMMs) has sparked promising applications of agents capable of autonomously completing complex web tasks. While open-source LMM agents have made significant advances in offline evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Vardaan Pahuja , Yadong Lu , Corby Rosset , Boyu Gou , Arindam Mitra , Spencer Whitehead , Yu Su , Ahmed Awadallah

In recent years, Cyber attacks have increased in number, and with them, the intensity of the attacks and their potential to damage the user have also increased significantly. In an ever-advancing world, users find it difficult to keep up…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Latesh G. Malik , Rohini Shambharkar , Shivam Morey , Shubhlak Kanpate , Vedika Raut

Phishing is a cybercrime in which individuals are deceived into revealing personal information, often resulting in financial loss. These attacks commonly occur through fraudulent messages, misleading advertisements, and compromised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Aseer Al Faisal

We introduce the AI Productivity Index for Agents (APEX-Agents), a benchmark for assessing whether AI agents can execute long-horizon, cross-application tasks created by investment banking analysts, management consultants, and corporate…

The increasing reliance on web services has led to a rise in cybersecurity threats, particularly Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks, which target client-side layers of web applications by injecting malicious scripts. Traditional Web…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Vahid Babaey , Arun Ravindran

Autonomous agents increasingly interact with the web, yet most websites remain designed for human browsers -- a fundamental mismatch that the emerging ``Agentic Web'' must resolve. Agents must repeatedly browse pages, inspect DOMs, and…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Lewis Tham , Nicholas Mac Gregor Garcia , Jungpil Hahn

AI programs, built using large language models, make it possible to automatically create phishing emails based on a few data points about a user. They stand in contrast to traditional phishing emails that hackers manually design using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Fredrik Heiding , Bruce Schneier , Arun Vishwanath , Jeremy Bernstein , Peter S. Park

Phishing is an increasingly sophisticated method to steal personal user information using sites that pretend to be legitimate. In this paper, we take the following steps to identify phishing URLs. First, we carefully select lexical features…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-11-18 Anh Le , Athina Markopoulou , Michalis Faloutsos