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The paper presents the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of the ArcGD optimiser. The evaluation is conducted initially on a non-convex benchmark function and subsequently on a real-world ML dataset. The initial comparative study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Nikhil Verma , Joonas Linnosmaa , Leonardo Espinosa-Leal , Napat Vajragupta

Stochastic gradient algorithms are the main focus of large-scale optimization problems and led to important successes in the recent advancement of the deep learning algorithms. The convergence of SGD depends on the careful choice of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-03 Caglar Gulcehre , Jose Sotelo , Marcin Moczulski , Yoshua Bengio

This paper proposes a conjugate-gradient-based Adam algorithm blending Adam with nonlinear conjugate gradient methods and shows its convergence analysis. Numerical experiments on text classification and image classification show that the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-03-04 Yu Kobayashi , Hideaki Iiduka

Within the current sphere of deep learning research, despite the extensive application of optimization algorithms such as Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and Adaptive Moment Estimation (Adam), there remains a pronounced inadequacy in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Zhifeng Wang , Longlong Li , Chunyan Zeng

In this paper, we present a comprehensive study on the convergence properties of Adam-family methods for nonsmooth optimization, especially in the training of nonsmooth neural networks. We introduce a novel two-timescale framework that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-20 Nachuan Xiao , Xiaoyin Hu , Xin Liu , Kim-Chuan Toh

As deep learning models exponentially increase in size, optimizers such as Adam encounter significant memory consumption challenges due to the storage of first and second moment data. Current memory-efficient methods like Adafactor and CAME…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Pengxiang Zhao , Ping Li , Yingjie Gu , Yi Zheng , Stephan Ludger Kölker , Zhefeng Wang , Xiaoming Yuan

Diagonal preconditioners are computationally feasible approximate to second-order optimizers, which have shown significant promise in accelerating training of deep learning models. Two predominant approaches are based on Adam and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Bingbin Liu , Rachit Bansal , Depen Morwani , Nikhil Vyas , David Alvarez-Melis , Sham M. Kakade

Deep learning methods - consisting of a class of deep neural networks (DNNs) trained by a stochastic gradient descent (SGD) optimization method - are nowadays key tools to solve data driven supervised learning problems. Despite the great…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Thang Do , Sonja Hannibal , Arnulf Jentzen

In several recently proposed stochastic optimization methods (e.g. RMSProp, Adam, Adadelta), parameter updates are scaled by the inverse square roots of exponential moving averages of squared past gradients. Maintaining these per-parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-13 Noam Shazeer , Mitchell Stern

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and its many variants are the widespread optimization algorithms for training deep neural networks. However, SGD suffers from inevitable drawbacks, including vanishing gradients, lack of theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Zeinab Ebrahimi , Gustavo Batista , Mohammad Deghat

Adam-type methods, the extension of adaptive gradient methods, have shown great performance in the training of both supervised and unsupervised machine learning models. In particular, Adam-type optimizers have been widely used empirically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Zehao Dou , Yuanzhi Li

In the recent years, various gradient descent algorithms including the methods of gradient descent, gradient descent with momentum, adaptive gradient (AdaGrad), root-mean-square propagation (RMSProp) and adaptive moment estimation (Adam)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Abel C. H. Chen

Adaptive gradient algorithms perform gradient-based updates using the history of gradients and are ubiquitous in training deep neural networks. While adaptive gradient methods theory is well understood for minimization problems, the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-12-29 Mingrui Liu , Youssef Mroueh , Jerret Ross , Wei Zhang , Xiaodong Cui , Payel Das , Tianbao Yang

This paper formalizes and analyzes Gaussian smoothing applied to two prominent optimization methods: Stochastic Gradient Descent (GSmoothSGD) and Adam (GSmoothAdam) in deep learning. By attenuating small fluctuations, Gaussian smoothing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-11-19 Andrew Starnes , Clayton Webster

Adaptive gradient methods, such as Adam and LAMB, have demonstrated excellent performance in the training of large language models. Nevertheless, the need for adaptivity requires maintaining second-moment estimates of the per-parameter…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Yang Luo , Xiaozhe Ren , Zangwei Zheng , Zhuo Jiang , Xin Jiang , Yang You

Uncertainty computation in deep learning is essential to design robust and reliable systems. Variational inference (VI) is a promising approach for such computation, but requires more effort to implement and execute compared to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-08-03 Mohammad Emtiyaz Khan , Didrik Nielsen , Voot Tangkaratt , Wu Lin , Yarin Gal , Akash Srivastava

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) has taken the stage as the primary workhorse for large-scale machine learning. It is often used with its adaptive variants such as AdaGrad, Adam, and AMSGrad. This paper proposes an adaptive stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Tianyi Chen , Ziye Guo , Yuejiao Sun , Wotao Yin

We present a first-order method for solving constrained optimization problems. The method is derived from our previous work, a modified search direction method inspired by singular value decomposition. In this work, we simplify its…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-02-24 Long Chen , Kai-Uwe Bletzinger , Nicolas R. Gauger , Yinyu Ye

We provide a theoretical analysis of Adam under non-stationary stochastic objectives, separating two regimes: Euclidean tracking under adaptive strong monotonicity of the Adam-preconditioned mean-gradient operator, and high-probability…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-07 Sharan Sahu , Abir Sarkar , Cameron J. Hogan , Martin T. Wells

This paper provides the first tight convergence analyses for RMSProp and Adam in non-convex optimization under the most relaxed assumptions of coordinate-wise generalized smoothness and affine noise variance. We first analyze RMSProp, which…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-11 Qi Zhang , Yi Zhou , Shaofeng Zou