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We describe a new shadow tomography algorithm that uses $n=\Theta(\sqrt{m}\log m/\epsilon^2)$ samples, for $m$ measurements and additive error $\epsilon$, which is independent of the dimension of the quantum state being learned. This stands…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-05 Pulkit Sinha

Estimation of expectation values of incompatible observables is an essential practical task in quantum computing, especially for approximating energies of chemical and other many-body quantum systems. In this work we introduce a method for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-14 Daniel McNulty , Filip B. Maciejewski , Michał Oszmaniec

Scalable characterization of quantum processors is crucial for mitigating noise and imperfections. While randomized measurement protocols enable efficient access to local observables, inferring a globally consistent description of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Zidu Liu , Dominik S. Wild

Quantum computers are now on the brink of outperforming their classical counterparts. One way to demonstrate the advantage of quantum computation is through quantum random sampling performed on quantum computing devices. However, existing…

Although quantum machine learning has shown great promise, the practical application of quantum computers remains constrained in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era. To take advantage of quantum machine learning, we investigate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Shaozhi Li , M Sabbir Salek , Mashrur Chowdhury , Yao Wang

High-dimensional quantum information processing has become a mature field of research with several different approaches being adopted for the encoding of $D$-dimensional quantum systems. Such progress has fueled the search of reliable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-30 D. Martínez , M. A. Solís-Prosser , G. Cañas , O. Jiménez , A. Delgado , G. Lima

Hybrid classical-quantum algorithms aim at variationally solving optimisation problems, using a feedback loop between a classical computer and a quantum co-processor, while benefitting from quantum resources. Here we present experiments…

Classical shadows constitute a protocol to estimate the expectation values of a collection of M observables acting on O(1) qubits of an unknown n-qubit state with a number of measurements that is independent of n and that grows only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-03 Giacomo De Palma , Tristan Klein , Davide Pastorello

Modern day quantum simulators can prepare a wide variety of quantum states but the accurate estimation of observables from tomographic measurement data often poses a challenge. We tackle this problem by developing a quantum state tomography…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-27 Tobias Schmale , Moritz Reh , Martin Gärttner

Quantum process tomography is an experimental technique to fully characterize an unknown quantum process. Standard quantum process tomography suffers from exponentially scaling of the number of measurements with the increasing system size.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-02 Shichuan Xue , Yong Liu , Yang Wang , Pingyu Zhu , Chu Guo , Junjie Wu

We present a robust shadow estimation protocol for wide classes of low-depth measurement circuits that mitigates noise as long as the effective measurement map including noise is locally unitarily invariant. This is in practice an excellent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-26 Renato M. S. Farias , Raghavendra D. Peddinti , Ingo Roth , Leandro Aolita

Accurate estimation of observables in quantum systems is a central challenge in quantum information science, yet practical implementations are fundamentally constrained by the limited number of measurement shots. In this work we explore a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-05 Keijo Korhonen , Stefano Mangini , Joonas Malmi , Hetta Vappula , Daniel Cavalcanti

In numerical simulations of classical and quantum lattice systems, 2d corner transfer matrices (CTMs) and 3d corner tensors (CTs) are a useful tool to compute approximate contractions of infinite-size tensor networks. In this paper we show…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2017-09-26 Ching-Yu Huang , Tzu-Chieh Wei , Roman Orus

Quantum learning encounters fundamental challenges when estimating non-linear properties, owing to the inherent linearity of quantum mechanics. Although recent advances in single-copy randomized measurement protocols have achieved optimal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-30 Zhenyu Du , Yifan Tang , Andreas Elben , Ingo Roth , Jens Eisert , Zhenhuan Liu

The Schmidt decomposition is the go-to tool for measuring bipartite entanglement of pure quantum states. Similarly, it is possible to study the entangling features of a quantum operation using its operator-Schmidt, or tensor product…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-12 Refik Mansuroglu , Arsalan Adil , Michael J. Hartmann , Zoë Holmes , Andrew T. Sornborger

We introduce a model of non-unitary quantum dynamics that exhibits infinitely long-lived discrete spatiotemporal order robust against any unitary or dissipative perturbation. Ergodicity is evaded by combining a sequence of projective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-31 Max McGinley , Sthitadhi Roy , S. A. Parameswaran

At large scales, quantum systems may become advantageous over their classical counterparts at performing certain tasks. Developing tools to analyse these systems at the relevant scales, in a manner consistent with quantum mechanics, is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-12 Timon Schapeler , Robert Schade , Michael Lass , Christian Plessl , Tim J. Bartley

Quantum process tomography is a critical capability for building quantum computers, enabling quantum networks, and understanding quantum sensors. Like quantum state tomography, the process tomography of an arbitrary quantum channel requires…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-26 Jonathan Kunjummen , Minh C. Tran , Daniel Carney , Jacob M. Taylor

Classical shadows are an efficient method for constructing an approximate classical description of a quantum state using very few measurements. In the paper we propose to enhance classical shadow methods using bootstrap resampling methods.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Eric Ghysels , Jack Morgan

The randomized linear combination of unitaries (LCU) method with many applications to early fault-tolerant quantum computing algorithms has been proposed. This quantum algorithm computes the same expectation values as the original, fully…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-16 Kaito Wada , Hiroyuki Harada , Yasunari Suzuki , Yuuki Tokunaga , Naoki Yamamoto , Suguru Endo